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The Divine Comedy influenced the Renaissance and the Reformation. It also helped to create the modern world. It also helped to establish Florence as the "creative hub" of the Renaissance.

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1434 - Medici family gains control of the government of Florence

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1434 - Medici family gains control of the government of Florence

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The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking.

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Leonardo da Vinci was an artist and engineer who is best known for his paintings, notably the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. His drawing of the Vitruvian Man has also become a cultural icon.

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1455 - Gutenberg makes the first printed book in Europe

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1455 - Gutenberg makes the first printed book in Europe

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The Gutenberg Bible was the first book produced in Mainz in 1455. It is the first book in Europe to be printed using moveable type: a system of printing that uses individual units of letters and punctuation marks.

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Raphael was a famous painter and architect of the High Renaissance. He competed with Leonardo and Michelangelo and was one of the most valued architects in the Renaissance.

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1508 - Michelangelo is hired to paint inside the Vatican

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1508 - Michelangelo is hired to paint inside the Vatican

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In 1508, Pope Julius II hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the chapel, rather than leaving it appear as it had.

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The Prince, political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513. A short treatise on how to acquire power, create a state, and keep it, The Prince represents Machiavelli's effort to provide a guide for political action based on the lessons of history and his own experience as a foreign secretary in Florence.

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1517 - Martin Luther posts the 95 Theses

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1517 - Martin Luther posts the 95 Theses

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Martin Luther was a professor of moral theology at a German University. Martin Luther's 95 Theses argued against the practices of the Catholic Church and started the Protestant Reformation.

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1534 - Henry VIII becomes the head of the Church of England

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1534 - Henry VIII becomes the head of the Church of England

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In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome.

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The Jesuits are an apostolic religious community called the Society of Jesus. They are grounded in love for Christ and animated by the spiritual vision of their founder, St. Ignatius of Loyola, to help others and seek God in all things.

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1545 - Council of Trent meets for the first time

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1545 - Council of Trent meets for the first time

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The Council of Trent took place in the city of Trent (Trento) in northern Italy. It was held in three parts over 18 years, from 1545 to 1563.

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The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg.

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1558 - Elizabeth I becomes queen of England

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1558 - Elizabeth I becomes queen of England

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Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death in November 1558. She was very well-educated, and had inherited intelligence, determination and shrewdness from both parents. Her 45-year reign is generally considered one of the most glorious in English history.