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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, "The Early Years."

B: Before the start of World War ll, an Executive order was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This order stated that government contractors were prohibited from engaging in employment discrimination. These employers were not allowed to deny someone a job based on race, color or national origin. The Executive Order 8802 was the first presidential action ever taken to stop employment discrimination by private employers. President Roosevelt had signed this order to ensure no strikes or disruptions would take place, ultimately slowing down the manufacture of military supplies in order to prepare for war.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. The Early Years/ U.S. Equal Employment

B: I chose this source because it explains what this Executive Order is and how it benefited African Americans.

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In June 1941, on the eve of World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802 prohibiting government contractors from engaging in employment discrimination based on race, color or national origin.

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Historical Event Example: Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 

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Historical Event Example: Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the article titled, "The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act."

B: During this event, the South African government passed the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act in 1949, banning marriages between White people and those of other races to uphold racial segregation. This law targeted intermarriage specifically to maintain the "purity" of the White race, and it reflected the rigid racial hierarchy of apartheid policies. Many churches and political figures criticized the Act, arguing it infringed on personal freedoms and religious beliefs. Despite the restrictions, interracial relationships continued in secret, contributing to rising opposition to apartheid. The law's significance lies in its role as a cornerstone of apartheid, influencing racial relations in South Africa until its repeal in 1985.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source.

B: This primary source, a legal document from South Africa's apartheid era, connects to the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 as it formally outlines the restrictions placed on interracial marriage. By specifying penalties and regulations, it institutionalized racial segregation and reinforced apartheid policies that sought to maintain racial separation and hierarchy. The document exemplifies the legal enforcement of racial purity ideology by prohibiting unions between White individuals and those of other racial backgrounds. This Act is part of South Africa's broader apartheid laws, which oppressed non-White communities until the 1980s.

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Component #1:

In Hidden Figures, the quote reveals the structural sexism and racism faced by African American women mathematicians at this time. They were labeled as " Sub professionals" and "Computers", meaning they were underpaid for preforming critical calculations. It reflects how their work was very undervalued and their recognition/opportunities were limited. Despite these challenges, they were able to use them to shape their experiences and contributions when it came to space exploration.

Component #2:

A: "They were classified as 'subprofessionals' a title that meant they could be paid less... Female mathematicians were called 'computers' they did the computations to turn the results of the raw data gathered by the engineers into a more useful form" (Shetterly 13).

B: This quote was chosen as if highlights the sexism and racial discrimination Black women mathematicians faced. The term "sub professionals" shows us readers how these women were undervalued and underpaid despite the contributions and sacrifices they made. The name "computers", put these women on a different level as everyone else, like a lower status, even though they had much more knowledge than many of the male engineers. The quote shows a small amount of what Black women had to face when it came to working in a male dominated and segregated society. Their perseverance and work in advancing space exploration was overlooked many times

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1943: Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laborator Hires Black Women

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1943: Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laborator Hires Black Women

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, "NASA's West Area Computers."

B: Around this time the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) began to hire Black women to work as computers. During this time computers were not machines, but people who figured out complex mathematical computations. It was their job to make sure everything was correct so planes could fly correctly. Black women did the same work as White women at Langley, but were treated very differently and faced more obstacles than anyone else there. Because of the Jim crow laws, everything at Langley was segregated, from the offices to the dining room. Many of these Black women rarely gained recognition for their work. When World War ll ended, many women lost their jobs, having to go back home to perform "wifely duties" again.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. NASA's West Area Computers

B: I chose this source because it related to this event and to show how all of these Black women were treated. Although they were chosen to be hired, they were not seen as people, but instead machines, just like many of the other women who worked as computers. Many of the women were not recognized for their work, which is what this source describes.

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Component #1:

In the vignette "The Difference Between a Son and a Daughter (8)," Lakshmi reflects on how her culture values sons over daughters. Her mother explains that while sons bring wealth to a family, daughters are seen as burdens due to the dowry required for marriage. This belief impacts Lakshmi’s life, as it leads her family to see her as a financial strain, setting up their decision to send her away to earn money, which ultimately leads to her being trafficked. This event highlights the discrimination Lakshmi faces and foreshadows the challenges she will endure, affecting her sense of self-worth and resilience as she learns to survive in a world that limits her choices.

Component #2:

A: "I ask Ama why, "Why," I say, "must women suffer so?"

"This has always been our fate," she says.

"Simply to endure," she says, "is to triumph'" (McCormick 16).

B: The quote reflects and deepens the ideas in the paragraph above for component #1A by emphasizing the cultural expectation that women must endure suffering as their fate. Lakshmi’s question—“Why must women suffer so?”—reveals her struggle to understand the injustice she faces simply for being female. Her mother’s response, “Simply to endure is to triumph,” highlights the strength and resilience expected of women in their society. This perspective mirrors the notion that, despite being undervalued and considered a burden, women find victory in their ability to persist. Ama’s words reinforce the theme of resilience in the face of hardship, which is central to Lakshmi’s journey as she learns to navigate a world that undervalues her, aligning with the vignette’s focus on gender-based discrimination and endurance.

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Component #1:

In the novel, Hidden Figures, the author highlights how the women who worked as "computers" at the Mojave Destert facility were finally promoted from their low status positions to a higher one, that came with great recognition and were named "Junior Engineers". This promotion allowed these women to be credited as authors in the research reports for this experiment. This shift is significant because it represented a big and rare moment in professional acknowledgement for Black women.

Component #2:

A: "At the Mojave Desert facility, the computers who helped with this experiment had the chance to do significant work and get credit for it. They were promoted from 'computer' to the higher position of 'junior engineer' and were named as the authors of research reports," (Shetterly 72).

B: I chose this quote because I believe it's a significant turning point for Black women who worked at NASA as "computers". The author stated "the computers who helped with this experiment had the chance to do significant work and get credit for it" showed how the hard work these women preformed finally got them recognition, although it was not much they were finally seen as the smart individuals instead of just black women or just "computers". This moment was big for these women as it proved their resilience was giving them credit where it was due.

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, "Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ."

B: The Brown v. Board of Education case was a significant supreme court decision. This is because it ruled racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Because of this case, the court was able to determine that segregation ultimately created a sense of superiority in white children and inferiority in black children, violating the equal protection law. This case played a very big role in the Civil Rights Movement.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

B: I chose this source because it shows the official document from this case. It discussed how school systems treated different races unequally and other legal issues about this case.

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Component #1:

This quote in Hidden Figures is important because Katherine Johnson refused to allow grief to overwhelm her and her daughters. The quote demonstrates her resilience and commitment to her family's future. This moment in the novel reflects the overall theme of perseverance and how during very difficult times, she kept moving forward in order to remain focused on her family's achievements.

Component #2:

A: "But she refused to give into her grief. She made a promise to her husband that she would do everything in her power to keep their bright, lively daughters on the path that they had paved for them. Katherine allowed herself and the girls until the end of the year to mourn, and then she expected them all to get back to work" (Shetterly 108).

B: The quote shows us readers how Katherine Johnson decided to not let sadness consume her after the loss of her husband. She stayed strong in this period of her life, not only for herself but for her daughters as well. She expected all of them to continue on in order to make her husband proud and follow through with the plans they had set. By doing this we're able to see how strong Katherine was at this moment and her determination to keep her daughters on the right path.

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, " Freedom Rides."

B: The Freedom Rides were various protests that took place in 1961. Activists, who were Black and white, rode buses together through the South to challenge segregation. They faced many many violent people, but their rides drew attention and helped push for stopping segregation of bus stations. These events and protesters helped demonstrate the power of a nonviolent protest.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. Freedom Rides

B: I chose this source because it played a big role in the Civil Rights Movement. The Kings Instituted website depicted detailed information about the Freedom Rides. Not only did this event help colored people, it also brought more light to the issue as many people overlooked it. Although people reacted violently towards these rides, the activists were able to stay calm, proving their point of a silent protest.

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Component #1:

In the novel, Hidden Figures, the quote shows how because the organization evolved from a low profile to a very high one, women who had worked hard but were overlooked now had the chance to be visible and have influence on decisions. The quote highlighted the improvement of women's contributions to science, it empowered the women in this book to take on roles that they previously couldn't have.

Component #2:

A: "The NACA had become NASA, but the change meant more than just a different name. While the NACA had been quiet, obscure, and largely unnoticed, NASA would be very high-profile and high stakes, and scrutinized by the world. And the women working here would have higher profile jobs, too." (Shetterly, 136).

B: This quote highlights a significant turning point for these women and for space exploration. The transformation from NACA changing to NASA represented the importance of the work being done. The work done here was now seen by the public and played a big role in the space race. This shift made NASA very important as they now had an impact on American society. The women who worked here were now visible, as the author stated "the women working here would have higher profile jobs, too". showing they would now have new opportunities to take on higher roles and breaking through the barriers of science, technology and engineering. These women who were labeled as "Computers" could now be seen as women who offered real ideas and contributions when it came to space exploration.

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, " 60 Years Ago: John Glenn, the First American to Orbit the Earth aboard Friendship 7."

B: On February 20th, 1962, an astronaut named John Glenn became the first American to Orbit Earth. He did this when boarding Friendship 7, this flight lasted around 5 hours and 55 minutes, making 3 orbits around the planet. This mission was a major milestone in the space race against the US and the Soviet Union. It was a big achievement for NASA as it contributed to the US space exploration and their efforts during the Cold War.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. (include the hyperlink)

B: I chose this source because this information is directly from NASA, it shows it's reliable and can offer accurate information about this topic. NASA provides scientifically valid content. It talks about the significance this mission had and how John Glenn contributed a good amount to make this possible.

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60 Years Ago: John Glenn, the First American to Orbit the Earth aboard Friendship 7 - NASA

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In February 1962, the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union was in full swing. Both nations had developed spacecraft to send humans into

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1963: March on Washington and Dr. King's "I Have a Dream" Speech

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1963: March on Washington and Dr. King's "I Have a Dream" Speech

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, " Reflecting on the 61st anniversary of the March on Washington

B: During the march on Washington, Martin Luther King Jr delivered his well known "I Have a Dream" speech. His speech addressed racial equality and bringing an end to discrimination. It entrapped the audience, which was over 250,000 people, and became the crucial moment for the Civil Rights Movement.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. March on Washington

B: I chose this source because not only does it discuss Dr. Kings speech, it discusses how people felt about his speech. This site continues to go on saying, people of all colors, men and women, came together to witness something this great and important.

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Reflecting on the 61st anniversary of the March on Washington

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Its been 61 years since the March on Washington. Two men in our coverage area reflected on the day.

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, "Legal Highlight: The Civil Rights Act of 1964."

B: The Civil Rights Act put in place to address and prohibit the widespread discrimination in the US. It was used to stop segregation in schools, workplaces, public spaces, and ensure equal treatment. The law includes prohibiting discrimination against basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This law wanted to fulfill the promise of freedom and civil rights for all citizens in the US.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. "Legal Highlight: The Civil Rights Act of 1964."

B: I chose this website because it's reliable as it provides authoritative and accurate information directly from a government agency. The site outlines the main points of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with accurate details that are up to date.

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Component #1:

A: The following information was summarized from the source titled, "Voting Rights Act (1965)."

B: This act was the most significant change in the relationship between the federal and state governments in the area of voting. It eliminates racial discrimination in voting, banning literacy tests and other practices that were used to discredit African Americans. This act had a critical role in expanding voting rights for communities while also strengthening democracy in the US.

Component #2:

A: The following information was taken from this primary source. "Voting Rights Act (1965)."

B: I chose this source because it shows a historical document about this act. Because the document shown is official, this source offers authentic pieces of information. It gives good information about this act and how it got put into place.