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In 661, Mu'awiya seized power and created the Umayyad caliphate, which was the first Muslim dynasty that lasted from 661-750.

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In 750, they were driven out by the ʿAbbāsid dynasty and a part of the Umayyads was revived and continued to rule there until the 11th century.

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During their time, the fifth ruler made a broad program of Arabization, which made Arabic the official language of administration. They also had a time of rapid expansion and expanded far west.

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A temporary alliance of the Persians, Iraqis, and Shīʿites put an end to the Umayyad dynasty after winning at the Battle of the Great Zab River.

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The Ottoman Empire started at the end of the 13th century with a bunch of raids from Ghazis, led by Osman I.

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The Abbasid dynasty started when they conquered the Umayyad dynasty through warfare and they declared the creation of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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They maintained an unbroken line of caliphs for over 300 years. They strengthened the Islamic rule and cultivated great intellectual and cultural development in the Middle East during the Golden Age of Islam.

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In 1345, the Ottoman troops invaded Europe, clearing the Balkans. Defeated by Timur in 1402. In 1453 the Ottomans, under Mehmed II, destroyed the Byzantine Empire and took its capital. Constantinople now serves as the Ottoman capital.

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A group called the Seljuk Turks turned to Islam and came to control control the government of the Muslim empire. In 1258, an invading army from Central Asia named the Mongols stormed Baghdad and killed the last Abbasid caliph.

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In 711, Muslims conquered Spain and much of the region was under Umayyad control by 750. The Umayyads made Muslim Spain into a center of power, learning and culture from 756 through 1031.

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The Safavid Empire came to light when a young leader called Ismail united the Perisan kingdoms in 1501 and became shah, the Persian title for king.

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After World War I, the Ottoman Empire disintegrated and divided after its defeat because of the lack of power of the sultans. Guided by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, he fought against the occupying Allies and led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey and caused the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy in 1922, ending the Ottoman Empire.

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Abd al-Rahman III transformed Cordoba into one of the biggest cities in the world and built a series of lavish palaces and extended the Great Mosque. Cordoba became most recognized as a center of learning and contained a huge library with about 400,000 books.

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In 961, a civil war erupted after Abd al-Rahman III died and Al-Andalus split into small Muslim kingdoms after 1031. The more powerful Christian kings slowly took over the kingdoms. They eventually got the last Muslim city and ended almost 800 years of Muslim rule in western Europe.

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The Safavid Empire developed a strong economy and used their wealth to build palaces, mosques, schools, hospitals, and many other buildings. They also made Persia into a cultural center by encouraging Shi'ite scholars to immigrate and they attracted traders of many nationalities. The Safavid Empire reached its peak during 1588 and 1629 and soon declined steadily.

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In 1722, an army of Afghan warriors invaded the Safavid Empire while it was under the leadership of weak shahs and resulted in its collapse.

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The Mughals were nomads from Central Asia who raided India and in 1526, troops led by a Mughal leader named Babur conquered north and central India. Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire and eventually stretched across almost the whole subcontinent.

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The Mughal Empire reached its peak under Shah Jahan, who reigned from 1628 to 1658 and the empire became most famous for its dazzling splendor and wealth. He collected thousands of precious gems and exported beautiful Indian art to Europe. He commissioned India's most famous building, the Taj Mahal, in memory of his wife and it served as a testament to the power and glory of Mughal rule.

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Mughal was ended by the British and their rivals, they have lost all their territory to them in the mid 1800's