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The Market Revolution transformed American society in the 19th century. It introduced factory labor, shifted the economy from barter to wages, and connected the U.S. to global markets. This period also saw the Second Great Awakening, a religious revival possibly triggered by these societal changes.

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The Rhode Island system of labor was initiated by English-born mechanist and businessman. During the 17th and 18th centuries artisan were skilled at producing goods by hand. However, when President Jefferson embargoed British manufactured goods from late 1807 to early 1809 to protect US production, New England merchants began to invest in industrial enterprises similar to those of the British to replace the banned markets. By the year of 1812, 78 new textile mills had been built in rural New England towns. Workers were organized the way that they had been in English factories, in family units. Under this system, named the Rhode Island system was placed. Fathers were placed in charge of the family unit, and directed the labor of his wife and children,. This was commonly known as the "putting-out system."

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The women working for the Boston Associates were expected to report early in the morning and to work all day. They could not leave when they were tired or take breaks other than at designated times. Those who arrived late found their pay docked; five minutes’ tardiness could result in several hours’ worth of lost pay. The monotony of repetitive tasks made days feel particularly long. Most factory employees toiled 10 to 12 hours a day, six days a week. Work was not only tiresome, but also dangerous. The presence of cotton bales alongside the oil used to lubricate machines made fire a common problem in textile factories. Workers’ hands and fingers were maimed or severed when they were caught in machines; in some cases, their limbs or entire bodies were crushed. Workers who didn’t die from such injuries almost certainly lost their jobs, and no compensation was provided.

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Francis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman who began to reform the manufacturing industry by hiring women. Lowell founded the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1813. He built a few mills which were the most famous of Lowell. Finding employees was easy. Lowell made it so the The Boston Manufacturing Company took on the occupations of women since they could be easily managed and restricted while living and working on factory grounds. Lowell reassured white parents that their daughters’ would be protected from the problems of industrialization. Women lived in boarding houses and worked a 12-hour day. They could not swear or drink alcohol, and they were required to attend church.

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From the 1820s to the 1840s, Germans were the second largest group of immigrants to the United States after the Irish because they sought political and religious freedom and greater economic opportunities and by 1848, Germans became the largest immigrant group to the United States. Many of the Germans who settled in the areas near the union were farmers who developed innovative techniques such as crop rotation and soil conservation. Other Germans settled in metropolitan areas, pursuing education, establishing industrial enterprises, and entering the ranks of the middle and upper classes.

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William Tweed was a forth generation Scottish-irish that dominated the politics of New York City from the mid-1850s. Though Tweed faced charges against embezzlement, the creation of Tammany Hall, and other political machines like it performed a valuable service in helping recent immigrants, especially the Irish, to assimilate into US culture and society. By the 20th century, Irish became one of the most successful, prosperous, and well-educated immigrant groups in the country

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From the 1820s nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States which quickly grew to 235,000 by the 1830s. By the 1840s, the number of immigrants grew to 845,000 due to the Great Irish famine, a period of starvation and disease that lasted 5 years, that led to the death of 1 million Irish. During this time Anti-catholic prejudice was very common and with the rise of Irish Catholics, many feared that it would undermine the strength of Protestantism in the United States. The Irish assimilated effectively into US culture and society and lived in both rural and urban areas, settling the western frontier, working the land as farmers, establishing a major presence in cities like New York, Chicago, and San Francisco.

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1821: Women workers and the labor movement 

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1821: Women workers and the labor movement 

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The women's labor movement was a series of efforts by women to improve their working conditions, wages and rights in the United States. Women were suffering constantly and were tired of this control. The long hours, strict discipline, and low wages, soon led workers to organize and protest their working conditions and pay. In 1821, the young women employed by the Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham went on strike for two days when their wages were cut. In the 1830s, the female workers in Lowell formed the Lowell Factory Girls Association to organize strike activities in the face of wage cuts; they later established the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association to protest the 12-hour workday.

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The Indian removal was an act signed in which the president could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. During the years of 1830-1831, around 1,400 women in specific signed petitions in order to protest against the removal of Native Americans. These petitions were the first time that women in the United States had appealed to the federal government in the form of political activism.

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The manifest destiny was the idea that white Americans had the right to settle the entire continent of North America. It was a time territorial expansion in the United States beginning in 1845. As for women, during the manifest destiny women took the role of trailblazers, pioneers and business owners. Women gained benefits from the Manifest Destiny they weee able to now inherit, own, buy, and sell land, and that permitted them to enjoy the profits made in the course.