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The study of the sounds of a given language with a focus on the function of sounds and how they are organized into patterns.

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Phonology: Importance for language and academic learning

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Phonology: Importance for language and academic learning

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Phonology deals with phonemes, which are the smallest units of sound, and how sounds interact together as well as patterns of words, sentences, and utterances.

Knowing the sounds of a language, especially English which has a deep orthography (spelling and sounds greatly differ), is important in understanding and producing sounds. This helps in learning how to correctly pronounce new words in order to create meaning.

Understanding that sounds are also organized into patterns is essential in building vocabulary. Words can be changed into new words by changing one sound in the word, building new words, and expanding vocabulary. For example, paint, faint, and saint.

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These are used to segment words into individual sounds.

Differentiation:

1. Model for beginners using visuals and easy decodable words such as CVC words

2. Move to more complex words that have blends and digraphs (shut, fish, clap)

3. To challenge students, use words that have clusters and more than one syllable (spring, string, teacher)

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An oral game to guess a word by providing clues about the sounds that make up the word.

Differentiation:

1. Use CVC words that are familiar for beginners and younger students. Have students right down each sound they hear (provide sound boxes)

2. Use more complex words, take away sound boxes, and encourage the use of blending and segmenting words for advanced and older students

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Classroom Activity 3: Sound Scavenger Hunts

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Classroom Activity 3: Sound Scavenger Hunts

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Students search for objects around the classroom or school for objects that have the same sound for a specific skills being taught ( for example: initial sounds)

Differentiation:

1. Start with objects that have very easily identifiable sounds. Students will say the sound of the object out loud

2. Move towards more complex sounds such as blends, digraphs, and clusters. Students will identify the sound and write the word

3. Challenge students with more complex sounds such as silent letters and final sound spelling rules (-tch,

-ch, -ck)

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Play Bingo using sounds and word families by calling out sounds that students will match on their card to the correct sound or word family.

Differentiation:

1. Begin with common sounds and have students have Bingo cards with only pictures

2. Introduce more complex sounds such as blends, digraphs, and vowel teams

3. Challenge students who are ready with complex skills such as minimal pairs, words with different meanings that have all the same sounds except for one (examples: pin and bin, light and right, sip and ship)

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Website: https://pals.virginia.edu/tools-activities.html

Virginia Literacy Partnerships: offers a family resource page with examples of how parents can support their children's language development

At Home Activity: Nursery rhymes and songs

1. Using nursery rhymes and songs encourages students to focus on both the sounds and rhythms of the words. Parents can have their children clap out the number of words or syllables, identify rhymes, or sing the songs to improve fluency based on their level

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The study of the structure and formation of words. It focuses on morphemes, the basic building block of words, and how words are created.

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Morphology: Importance for language and academic learning

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Morphology: Importance for language and academic learning

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Morphemes are the smallest unit that can create meaning. Having an understanding of morphemes, such as roots and affixes leads to building vocabulary. Words are broken down into parts that students can use to define unknown words. This also transfers to improving reading comprehension, as students are able to decode and better understand what they are reading.

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A visual tool used to show how morphemes can be combined to create words and change the meanings of words. For example, creating words such as unhelpful, prewriting, and misunderstanding

Differentiation:

1. Begin with familiar morphemes and root words. Include pictures to help support creating new words. Use prefixes such as -un and -re, roots such as happy, write, and play, and suffixes such as -ing and -ed

2. Continue to add additional affixes as students are ready

3. Challenge students to use the words they created in sentences

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Students have a printed gameboard with statements that say: "find someone who... can identify a specific skill" For example, find someone who can underline the root word in "unlikely"

Differentiation:

1. Use as a small group activity to reinforce skills such as roots and affixes

2. As students become more proficient, allow the activity to be completed individually

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Classroom Activity 3: Morphology Word of the Day

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Classroom Activity 3: Morphology Word of the Day

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Choose a word of the day for each day or week depending on your student's abilities or grade level. Analyze the word by adding prefixes, suffixes, and defining the word

Differentiation:

1. Begin with familiar root words-students can also illustrate a picture to create meaning

2. Incorporate more challenging words when students are ready-let students choose the root words

3. Challenge students to use the word of the day in a sentence

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Students match puzzle pieces containing roots, prefixes, and suffixes to create words and identify the meanings

Differentiation:

1. Complete puzzles in small group using familiar morphemes. Provide support in defining the new word

2. Move towards independence in completing the puzzles with more complex words

3. Challenge students to define new words with synonyms and antonyms

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Website: http://www.fcrr.org/

Florida Center for Reading Research: provides activities to support morphology and literacy skills

At Home Activity: Word Sorts

Word sorts involving roots and affixes help build vocabulary and reinforce language skills. They can be used with both familiar and more complex words, visual support, and in context to create new vocabulary. Reading and writing skills benefit as well.