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Defining development: Whether people can make choices about their own lives. Many components:

Economic wellbeing (can meet basic needs; stable income, ability to make economic decisions)

Education

Social equality (services, clean air)

Health and nutrition (absence of disease, presence of healthy choices / access)

Different ways of measuring it:

UNDP human development index (HDI)

Long and healthy life

Level of knowledge

A decent standard of living

Multidimensional poverty index (MPI)

Measures the intensity of poverty

Health

Education

Standard of living

+ 10 indicators

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Key concepts it's related to:

Uneven development

Role of Globalization / neoliberalism / free trade in development (or underdevelopment)

Post-colonial global order

Impact of imperialism on future outcomes / legacy of colonialism

Institutions like World Bank, IMF

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Cases it's linked to:

Haiti (podcast)

Discussion of poverty in SSA, South Asia

Development over time (graphs from Class 8 lectures)

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Link to readings / other class topics

"The Rest vs. The West" -- which countries are developed? (Hall reading)

The World is Flat reading (Friedman)

etc...

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Timeline : Imperial Histories

1450 - c. 1750 = 1st Age of Empire

1750 - 1875 = Informal Empire

1875 - 1914/45 = 2nd/High/ Classic Age of Empire

1945 - 1965 = Widespread decolonization (after WWII)

1965 - present = contemporary globalization

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Early globalization, defined by imperialism and colonialism.

Imperialism- form of extension of state power across space, domination of one geographical area over another.

Colonialism- a form of imperialism, formal control of one territory by another.

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Uneven Development [Chloe, Maksim, Ruby, Jia, Emely, Anthony]

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Uneven Development [Chloe, Maksim, Ruby, Jia, Emely, Anthony]

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Define: When nations, in the Global North, are generally more developed economically and socially than those in the Global South due to historical and economic policies that hinder growth for developing countries.

Ways to measure development: GDP, HDI and the MPI

Readings: Chang, Hall, "West and the Rest", Seshasayee & Hari, The Daily Podcast

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Concepts Relevant to Age of Empire and Decolonization.

1) The age of Empire and subsequent decolonization set in place the current world order where western powers are the main world leaders and formerly colonized countries are still far behind in terms of economic development.

2) The age of empire entrenched modern Capitalism and, more broadly, western ideas of "modernity."

3) The economic disparities found across the world today originated through colonization and also unfair processes of decolonization.

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Defining the DOHA Round: one iteration of the GATT negotiations held at Doha.

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Key concepts:

shift in institutional power: previously, the US dominated negotiations. In Doha, emerging economies could vocalise their non-alignment with the hegemon.

regulations on free trade: different countries have different expectations of how free trade should be

divergence between developed-developing world: developing world was supposed to receive funds and agricultural subsidies from the developed world -> impasse

tension between universality principle and differential treatment: china wanted to be categorised as a developed country, "china paradox"

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Definition: Post WWII international order refers to the creation of political institutions by the allies post war to prevent future wars and create peace. These institutions set rules and procedures to shape social practices and assign roles to participants in these practices.

Key concepts:

Bretton woods conference (1944)

World Bank

IMF

GATT

World Trade Organization

UN

Hegemon's dilemma

Multilateralism

Cases it's linked to:

US Hegemony and World Bank

Multilateral trade negotiations at the WTO

Readings:

UN declaration of human rights

Tumult in the trading system

Washington post cobalt reading (vertical disintegration and trade regulation)

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Names: Lucas, Chloe Lee, Janelly, Lily

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Several independence movements came about during this period. Latin American countries especially powerful, a vast majority gained independence within a 25-year span.

Colonization was concentrated in Asia and Africa.

EX: Opium Wars in China.

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colonization of the Americas occurred (settler colonization)

settler colonization

when large settler populations went on American continent with intentions of permanent occupation

violent land expropriation

the rise of the transAtlantic slave trade (1500-1870) where huge amount of enslaved Africans were being taken from the West Coast of Africa and shipped to Americas and Europe to work on plantation colonies

Plantation colonies :

focused on farming cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton, etc)

extremely harsh labor conditions

labor was done by large number of enslaved people/indentured servant

extensive administration

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Related cases and readings:

W3L2 Post WWII Intl Order (GATT Rounds)

Hopewell, Kristen (2023). “Tumult in the Trading System: The China Paradox, Declining US Institutional Power, and the Crisis at the WTO” In: Gao H, Raess D, Zeng K, eds. China and the WTO: A Twenty-Year Assessment. Cambridge University Press:183-203

Wade, Robert (2002). “US Hegemony and the World Bank: The Fight Over People and Ideas,” Review of International Political Economy, Vol 9, No 2, pp. 201-229

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Formal colonization of Asia and Africa.

EX: Scramble for Africa, power held by France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Belgium.

Colonial territories in Pacific Asia.

Characterized by direct rule and indirect rule.

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Names: Miranda, Louisa, Cia, Loretta, Sarah

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neoliberalism

colonialism

vertical disintegration

hegemony

"g"lobalization

"G"lobalization

off shoring

World Bank

IMF

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Definition:

Discourse is a narrative the West pushed forward to justify colonization; there is obvious bias and indicative of a power dynamic, with the West seemingly holding more power than the "Rest"

Ex: the non-West is referred to as "savages" oftentimes holding a negative connotation

Globalization: one of two definitions for globalization. Big "G" globalization refers to globalization as a political discourse.

advocates for neoliberalist policies pushed by powerful institutions (The West, hegemons)

Washington Consensus, TINA & Margaret Thatcher, free market and laissez faire principles

both a process (David Held) and discourse

globalization: globalization as a process, the interdependence of economic, social, cultural, ecological, and political processes in everyday life

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Decolonization:
A process through which imperial states relinquish control of a subjugated people or area
Decolonization increasing number of nation-states
• 1945 – c. 75 (51 in UN)
• 1975 – c. 150 (144 in UN)
• Today – 195 (193 UN members, 2 observer states)
• Numerous “dependencies”

Today:

European expansion and forms of imperialism
• “Globalizing” effects
• Production networks
• Consumption habits
• Social, political, and cultural legacies

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neoliberalism

imperialism & colonialism

industrialization

political discourse vs. ideologies

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Hall

David Held

Sparke

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Many countries in Asia and Africa gained independence from European colonial rule. After the second world war, countries seek to rebuild and were no longer vulnerable. Insitutions such as the United Nations were created.

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Planet Money T Shirt production

Cobalt Mining

Development of global infrastructure like the IMF & World Bank

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Key Term: Neoliberalism

definition: a set of policies that promote free market, loosened regulations on the economy

started in the 80s, key proponents include Margaret Thatcher & Ronald Reagan

Key concepts it is related to:

Washington consensus

Globalization

Capitalism

Vertical disintegration

Special economic zones

Cases it is linked to:

Africa: reason for its lack of economic growth since the 80s (Chang)

creation of the World Bank and IMF

Opium War in China

Planet Money T Shirt

Readings:

Chang (Thing 11)

Sparke

Bloomberg

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Imperial Colonies- forced slave labor and exploitation serving western interests

Wallerstein's World System's Theory- core, semi-periphery, and periphery (explains the relationship between suppliers and producers of global goods)

"West vs. the Rest"- advanced vs. emerging economies

Industries in Colombia vs. Bangladesh- industries in Bangladesh are a source of social upheveal rather than a typical job

Cobalt Pipeline- lives of artisanal "diggers" as a result of vertical disintegration

"Double Debt"- reparations for not attacking France + loans from French banks

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Special Economic Zones: Bounded subnational spaces.

Laws and regulations differ from the surrounding country

Physically fenced off

Primarily from export-oriented industries (sometimes called export processing zones)

Common Policies

Customs free

Tax-exempt

Simple administrative procedures

Access to free or below-market price for utilities

Strategic location

Weaker labor regulations (ex. Banning strikes, lowing minimum wage)

Weaker environmental regulations

MNCs take advantage of differences between places to increase profits

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WTO

World Trade Org

regulates global commerce

Creates rules for trade between countries

Tensions within the multilateral trading system

Reciprocity and University

Special and differential treatment

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Definition: China's is the leading exporter in the world. However, they are still listed as a developing country so they are able to receive the special and different treatment. The US is constantly fighting their status as a developing country, because they do not believe that they should be receiving the benefits of the treatment while still bringing in so much money from exports. Their per capita income has been rising for years and it puts their status into question.

Linked Key Terms: "free" trade, trade protectionism, uneven development, hegemon's dilemma, and US hegemony

Related Cases: US hegemony and the World Bank

Top Countries by Exports Graph (Lecture 8)

China as a Developing Country (Lecture 8)

Resources: "US Hegemony and the World Bank: The Fight Over People and
Ideas"

"China and the WTO: A Twenty-Year Assessment"

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Definition: the fragmentation of production processes across time, space, people.

Related concepts:

"g"lobalisation - vertical disintegration is a key tenet of the process of globalisation; as social, economic, political processes gets increasingly interconnected, it allows us to easily tap on different producers/resources around the world to produce just one component of a final good.

offshoring/outsourcing - vertical disintegration typically comes with some offshoring/outsourcing (i.e. outsourcing sewing of t-shirts to workers in another country instead of producing it in the same factory in the home country).

trade in intermediate goods - in the process of vertical disintegration, we have to export unfinished goods to other countries for other workers to add-value to them before exporting them again.

Relevant cases and readings:

Planet Money makes a T-shirt

Cobalt Pipeline

Introducing Globalisation