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The upward flexion of the foot is called dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion is a foot movement in which the toes and foot flex toward the sole. Dorsiflexion reduces the angle between the leg and the dorsum of the foot. Dorsiflexion occurs in both the ankle and wrist joints.

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movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed.

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21&22: internal rotation and external rotation

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21&22: internal rotation and external rotation

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Internal shoulder rotation involves rotating your upper arm toward the front side of your torso. External rotation involves rotating it away from the front side of your torso. These muscles are smaller than your deltoids, but still hugely important.

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Angles of elevation and depression are angles that are formed with the horizontal. If the line of sight is upward from the horizontal, the angle is an angle of elevation; if the line of sight is downward from the horizontal, the angle is an angle of depression.

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Forearm pronation is rotation of the radius so the palm faces anteriorly (away from the anatomical position). It occurs primarily at the proximal radioulnar joint. Gravity also assists pronating the elbow. It is the opposite of forearm supination.

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Flexion of the shoulder or hip is movement of the arm or leg forward. Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended.

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12&13&14 transverse plane midsagittal plane frontal place

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12&13&14 transverse plane midsagittal plane frontal place

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A midsagittal plane divides the body exactly in the middle, making two equal right and left halves. A frontal plane (also called a coronal plane) separates the front from the back. A transverse plane (or, horizontal plane) divides the animal into upper and lower portions.

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In medicine, it refers to parts of the body further away from the center. For example, the hand is distal to the shoulder. The thumb is distal to the wrist. Distal is the opposite of proximal. Distal refers to distance, while proximal indicates proximity.

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The standard anatomical position, or standard anatomical model, is the scientifically agreed upon reference position for anatomical location terms.

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A lateral orientation is a position away from the midline of the body. For instance, the arms are lateral to the chest, and the ears are lateral to the head. A medial orientation is a position toward the midline of the body.

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In general use, prone and supine indicate contrasting positions of the body: a person lying prone is facing downward while a person lying supine is face up. A person lying prone faces downward; a person lying supine is face up.

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Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity)

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Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body). Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).