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Sediments are produced when rocks are uplifted, weathered and eroded, and the resulting detrital material deposited in marine or terrestrial basins. If the sediments are buried under further layers of sediment, they can become lithified to produce a sedimentary rock.

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Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. There are three different types of sedimentary rocks: clastic, organic (biological), and chemical.

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Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. It is usually composed primarily of the minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica.

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Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock deep inside the Earth. If your grains contain crystals, you can use the orientation and size of the crystals to identify the rock. Igneous rocks have crystals that are randomly oriented.

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Magma is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases.

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Volcanoes erupt and force magma onto the surface, where it cools and hardens into igneous rocks. The formation of these rocks is key to the rock cycle. The rock cycle is the process by which rocks are changed from one form to another.