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In 1919, the Americanization Department of the United States Bureau of Education recommended that all education be conducted in the English language. Decades of anti-bilingual education sentiments follow it and National Defense Education Act changed the attitude. In 1958, influenced by the Russians, the National Defense Education Act was passed. The NDEA promoted foreign language learning in elementary schools, high schools, and universities (Baker & Wright, 2021, p. 107). Being one of the first bills to support foreign language learning made it important to include.

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Coral Way Elementary School was the first modern dual language school in Dade County in South Florida. Coral Way was established by Cuban exiles who wished to have their children learn both Spanish and English. It’s example and success helped the movement for more bilingual schools to be established (Baker & Wright, 2021, p. 107). The way the school came together and was run by members of the community was really inspiring to read about.

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1968-1978: Title VII Bilingual Education Act

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1968-1978: Title VII Bilingual Education Act

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The Bilingual Education Act in 1968 made bilingual education programs a part of federal education policy. It also authorized the use of federal funds for the education of non-English speakers. The act lacked a definition of bilingual education and allowed a few schools to bring home languages into the classroom. The 1974 authorization brought a clearer definition of bilingual education but prioritized transitional bilingual education over maintenance bilingual education programs and did not allow dual language programs. The 1978 re-authorization allowed for dual language programs but transition bilingual education was still the focus and the home language was mainly used to help achieve English proficiency (Baker & Wright, 2021, pp. 107-110). These ten years saw a lot of activity (including Lau v. Nichols) that influenced bilingual education.

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1998-2002: English for the Children Initiatives 

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1998-2002: English for the Children Initiatives 

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These initiatives brought back the anti-bilingual education attitudes from the early 1900s. The initiatives were pushed by Silicon Valley businessman, Ron Unz. He, a software engineer with no background in education, convinced multiple states  how language education should function in US schools. His first proposition (Prop 227) in California changed the bilingual program to an op-in structured English language educational system. Thankfully, the negative effects from the initiatives bounced back decades later and help support the need for bilingual education (Baker & Wright, 2021, p. 110). The failure of English-only instruction paved the way for more bilingual education support, which is why I included this event.

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The ESSA influenced nearly every part of US education. It allowed for a students’ progress over time to be prioritized over passing tests. It also addressed some issues from the ESEA flexibility program, now ELL student progress was tracked separately from ‘at-risk’ student data. Lastly, the removal of teaching evaluations being tied to student test scores ended, which relieved stress and allowed educators to focus on student’s personal needs instead of students’ needs to pass a test (Baker & Wright, 2021, pp. 113-114). Moving away from passing tests to focusing on progress is exciting for bilingual education.