# data[].attributes.body
oxidation (mild)

alkene reacts with cold, dilute aqueous potassium permanganate, KMnO₄.

alkenes are oxidized to alkanediols (diols)

Hydroxyl (-OH) are added across the C=C double bond

# data[].attributes.body
Free Radical Substitution:

Initiation: Homolytic fission occurs when UV light or heat is introduced. The energy generated is used to break the bonds to form free radicals, which are extremely reactive.

Cl - Cl --> 2 Cl. (Two chlorine free radicals)

Propagation: The chlorine free radical will react with methyl by taking one of the hydrogen atoms. This results in a methyl radical.

CH4 + Cl. --> CH3. + HCl

Termination: The reaction will only end when two chlorine radicals react with each other.

Cl. + Cl. --> Cl2

# data[].attributes.body
hydrogenation - alkene + H₂ --> alkane

(in presence of metal catalysts: Pd, platinum, or Ni)

halogenation - alkene + Br₂/Cl₂/F₂ etc. -->halogenoalkane

hydrohalogenation* - alkene + HBr/HCl/HF etc. --> halogenoalkane

hydration* - alkene + H₂O --> alcohol

*example of electrophilic addition

# data[].attributes.body
oxidation (strong)

alkenes react with hot concentrated potassium permanganate, KMnO₄ and break the double bond in the alkenes completely

products may include carboxylic acids/ketones

this depends on the location of C=C double bond, CO2, and H2O

# data[].attributes.body
alkyl halides can be converted to alcohols using water or hydroxide as the nucleophile

# data[].attributes.body
converted to a nitrile by heating unde a reflex with a solution of sodium or potassium cyanide (NaCN or KCN) in ethanol

halogen is replaced with a -CN group and nitrile is produced

useful to increase the length of carbon chain

# data[].attributes.body
heated with a concentrated solution of ammonia in ethanol

carried out in a sealed tube to prevent the escape of ammonia

mixture of all the products are obtained

to get quaternary ammonium ions, large excess of bromoethane is use

very large excess of ammonia prevents formation of secondary (etc) amines.

# data[].attributes.headline
react with Cl2 or Br2 in th presence of uv light by free radical substitution 

# data[].attributes.subject
react with Cl2 or Br2 in th presence of uv light by free radical substitution 

# data[].attributes.headline
react with hydrogen halide (HX) by electrophilic addition 

# data[].attributes.subject
react with hydrogen halide (HX) by electrophilic addition 

# data[].attributes.body
HX atoms are added across the C=C double bond of the alkene to produce a halogenoalkane

# data[].attributes.body
Alkanes + Oxygen (Sufficient) --> Carbon dioxide + Water

2 C₂H6 +   7O₂ -->   4CO2 +   6H₂O

Alkanes + Oxygen (Insufficient) --> Carbon monoxide + Water

# data[].attributes.body
Ethane + Bromine --> Bromoethane + Hydrogen bromide

(In the presence of UV light)

# data[].attributes.body
Combustion: In excess oxygen

C₂H₄ + 3O₂ --> 2CO₂ + 2H₂O

Incomplete combustion:

C₂H₄ + 2O₂ --> 2CO + 2H₂O

C₂H₄ + O₂ --> 2C + 2H₂O

# data[].attributes.headline
Alkene - electrophilic substitution mechanism

# data[].attributes.subject
Alkene - electrophilic substitution mechanism

# data[].attributes.body
Step 1: pi electrons from C=C bond attacks the electrophile (E⁺) to form a carbocation

Step 2: Nucleophile (Nu:⁻) attacks the carbocation to form the product