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Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument it is unclear who it was built by. Stonehenge but it was a temple that aligned with the sun's movements. It is also believed to be a burial site because of lots of ancient human remains.

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The Neolithic Revolution (8,000 - 4,000 BC)

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The Neolithic Revolution (8,000 - 4,000 BC)

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The Neolithic Revolution was between 8000-4000 BC and there was lots of innovation. Cities/civilizations began and the world population had massive increase. People began to build walls for protection and storehouses for goods.Trade began

Men took on role of obtaining food and protecting the settlement leading to a more dominant role in society. all these things were effects of the Neolithic revolution.

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The first civilization were started by water because it was key to a civilizations success. The earliest civilizations started in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. When these civilization started growing the population skyrocketed. as people were able to sustain themselves better the population of these civilizations grew.

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The iceman was mummified body that was found preserved in a glacier in 1991. When people first discovered this since it was so well preserved it helped us discover a lot about the time period. The was some clothing on the body and the was some tools with the body and these things being well preserved gave us a good look in the past and in the life of the iceman. The iceman being so preserved was very lucky that it stayed preserved but it gave people a very good look into the past.

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Mesopotamia was located within the fertile crescent it was nicknamed the cradle of civilization. it also was not a certain civilization and it had no defined capital. Mesopotamia had many languages and cultures and was diverse. Some things that helped Mesopotamia develop were artificial irrigation and canals. foods were like grain, vegetables, meat, wool, leather, and fish. all these things helped Mesopotamia grow.

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The Epic of Gilgamesh is a story that explores the tension between the natural and civilized world the potency of love and the question of what makes a good life. The stories mirror those of the Illiad and the Odyssey. It is a secular writing not used for religious purposes. The epic was written on 12 stone tablets.

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Sumer is the earliest known civilization. it was first settled in 4500 to 400 bc. the Sumerian society was divided into three strict social classes each with different social standing such as nobles, commoners, and slaves, after sumer many other civilizations had the same structure.

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Egypt's whole structure was held together by the Nile river because it provided them with water. they used it for irrigation and it was a major trade route. the Egyptian religion and government were very close and it helped with the rise of Egypt. All these things helped with the rise of Egypt.

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The Nile River was the lifeline of the ancient Egyptians. It provided them with not only water but food. It was also used as irrigation and it was one of the most important things when it came to the success of the Egyptians Because it provided everything needed for life.

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The nomadic people of the mediterranean were the pastoral nomads. they domesticated animals for food and clothing along the trade routes. this helped trade grow in the eastern mediterranean and it also helped cultural diffusion and the spread of their culture as they moved along the trade routes.

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UNIT 2- Babylonian Empire (1895 BC - 539 BC)

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UNIT 2- Babylonian Empire (1895 BC - 539 BC)

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The Babylonian Empire was founded by Hammurabi and was located in Mesopotamia. This empire was created by conquering the neighboring territories in Mesopotamia. Babylon was the capital city of the empire.

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The code of Hammurabi was s collection of 282 Babylonian laws. First known publicly posted set of rules or laws. The punishments were severe, “An eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” Contained consumer-protection laws, punishment for speaking against family elders, and accountability for public servants, and all laws differed based on class.

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Ashurbanipal ruled violently, he ruled in such a way that he destroyed much of the area conquered and was intolerant of other cultures. Demanded assimilation which was the adoption of the cultural norms and values of the conquering majority, this produced widespread civil unrest leading to the breakdown of the social order and ultimately the overthrow of the Assyrians.

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Communication was a very important thing in Persia, communication helped them maintain control. Persia had a “Persian Royal Road” which helped leaders move easily throughout the empire. Persian religion was monotheistic and called Zoroastrianism.

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Greece's geography was a crucial part of its development. Greece is located in a mountainous peninsula which secluded them from other places. Many unique city-states came to be in result of their seclusion.

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The Greeks were divided into city-states called polis. Each city-state had an acropolis which was used as a gathering place near the top of a hill. The acropolis was also used for refuge from attack and held religious meetings. The Acropolis also held many public gatherings.

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Sparta was a strict, war-like society, a military-focused state. Boys began strict army training at age 7 and were allowed full citizenship at 20, women were not allowed to be in the military. All citizens were born into a caste system. They enslaved helots, helots were slaves that worked for them.

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Battle of Thermopylae (Battle of the 300)

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Battle of Thermopylae (Battle of the 300)

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The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes I and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta under Leonidas. Spartan King Leonidas stayed behind with 298 bodyguards and helots. The Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were able to outflank them.

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Athens is known as the cradle of Western Civilization. Home of Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum also the birthplace of democracy. Athenians believed themselves to be direct descendants of great Homeric heroes. Claimed their customs/culture to be older than their neighbors and, therefore superior.

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In 490 BC occurred Battle of Marathon. Persian Navy was forced to wait at sea and eventually lured inland.

Violent Greek surprise attack forces Persians to retreat

Greece 11,000 men - Persia 15,000 men, Persians lost 6,400 men - Greece lost 192 men. The Marathon Legend talks of a Messenger that runs 25 miles to Athens to tell of Persian defeat (In Truth it was 150).

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The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ who lived about 2,000 years ago. The Bible is the holy book of the Christians. Christianity developed in Judea in the mid-first century CE, based first on the teachings of Jesus. The early Roman Empire practiced tolerance, but as emperors increased in power tolerance was limited. Judaism and Jews were one of the most persecuted religions and people.

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Living over 2,000 years ago Jesus created Christianity. Jesus was a Jewish rabbi “teacher”. Judaism tells of a Messiah that will come to deliver the Jewish people. Jesus said that He was the Messiah, the Son of God bringing on birthing the Christian faith - Jesus Christ (“anointed one”).

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Christianity gained massive following all focused on the individual person. Christianity views all classes as equal as demonstrated in the Scriptures. Roman emperors began persecuting/murdering Christians but things quickly changed, y 331 AD Christianity was Rome’s official religion and you could be punished for NOT being a Christian.

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Because of Rome's lack of organization, Rome began to crumble. Rome also had a lack of inequality and trust in the government which led to the downfall of Rome. Because of this Rome split into two empires: Byzantine and Western.

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The Frankish Empire controlled most of Western Europe and promoted Christianity. Rome had already collapsed but Charlemagne was able to legitimize his rule by allying himself with the pope. Charlemagne was one of the most influential rulers of the Roman Emperor.

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Justinian (527 - 565 AD) conquered nearly the entirety of the Roman Empire. They created the Justinian's code. The Justinian Code is a legal system created by Justinian combining and simplifying Roman laws.

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The Great Schism marked the split of the Catholic Church. Byzantine rulers and the popes both claimed to the authority of the Church. When the churches split they became the Eastern Othrodox Church, and the Roman Catholic Church.

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Muhammad was born in Mecca on Arabian Peninsula. He was a religious teacher who claimed to receive revelations from god. Attempts to spread religion in Mecca resulted in persecution, so he and followers fled to nearby city of Medina.

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Muslims conquest lead to a lot of cultural diffusion. Social classes were prominent, and slavery was very common. Women had very few rights and were usually escorted by males. Muslims created Arabic numerals and developed the astrolabe.

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Medieval Europe was also known as the Dark Ages. During this time period Europeans fell susceptible to invasion by other regions. Very little inventions or creations were made in this time period. Plague killed 40-60% of Europeans.