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1. Check your group for 12/4 and the assigned medical instrumentation.

2. Read the paragraphs posted on your wall and dig out the answers to the TASKS based on the content.

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1. Please sit with your group memebers for 12/4.

2. Discuss with your group members, what're the statement/contents that you cannot understand easily.

3. If you have a chance to further search/translate/raise questions based on any of the contents, list 3 questions you have in your mind. e.g. the actions you will OR the questions you want to ask OR the sentences that you don't understand on the padlet.

4. DO NOT do the listed action, DO NOT search for the answers, DO NOT translate the sentence now.

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The various amplifier designs that are used for biopotential recording.

1. Please find the major purpose of the specific amplifier.

2. Please describe the condition when/why the specific amplifier is needed for biopotential recording.

3. Please highlight the advantages/disadvantages of the amplifier.

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Work with ChatGPT

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Isolation amplifiers are usually applied in ECG to

capture signals. In this process, the signals generated by

leads are sent to the electrosurgery filter, which can

reduce the interference between electrosurgery and

radiofrequency. This is a process of isolation amplifiers

to remove noise and reduce interference signals.

Secondly, the isolation amplifier can withstand excessive

voltage and protect the voltage during defibrillation. In

this process, due to the high impedance of the isolation

amplifier, it can reduce the current by lowering the

voltage. This is also the main reason for the high stability

of the isolation amplifier. As demonstrated in the

description of the isolation amplifier, one of its functions

is to protect patients and devices from the hazards of

electric shocks. As the isolation amplifier goes to the lead

selector switch, it selects the required configuration and

then the lead selection output enters the DC amplifier[3].

Subsequently, after the adjustment of the transformer, the

current decreases and remains stable. The ECG signal is

output by the synchronous modulator and displayed by

the microcomputer.

During the process of the isolation amplifier, it can be

found that it has several main advantages in ECG. Firstly,

the isolation amplifier removes ripple noise. For ECG,

this will help reduce the interference of noise on heart-

related indicators. Secondly, the isolation amplifier is

also pretty. As it is pointed out, “The isolation stage

serves the galvanic decoupling of the patient from the

measuring equipment and provides safety from electrical

hazard”[6]. Third, the isolation amplifier has a strong

anti-magnetic ability[7]. In other words, in ECG, due to

the isolation amplifier, it is hardly affected by mobile

phones, computers, or other magnetic objects. Finally,

due to the high impedance of the isolation amplifier and

the reduction of the current to the transformer, the

isolation amplifier has high gain stability.

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A simple subtractor or difference ampliﬁer can be constructed with four resistors and an op amp.

The conﬁguration can also be quite problematic in terms of common mode rejection (CMR), since even a small source impedance imbalance will degrade the workable CMR. This problem can be solved with well-matched open-loop buffers in series with each input (e.g., using a precision dual op amp). But this adds complexity to a simple circuit, and may introduce offset drift and nonlinearity.

The second problem with this circuit is that the CMR is primarily determined by the resistor ratio matching , not the op amp. Note also that the absolute resistor values are relatively unimportant.

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A simple subtractor or difference ampliﬁ er can be constructed with four resistors and an op amp.

The conﬁ guration can also be quite problematic in terms of common mode rejection (CMR), since even a small source impedance imbalance will degrade the workable CMR. This problem can be solved with well-matched open-loop buffers in series with each input (e.g., using a precision dual op amp). But this adds complexity to a simple circuit, and may introduce offset drift and nonlinearity.

The second problem with this circuit is that the CMR is primarily determined by the resistor ratio matching , not the op amp. Note also that the absolute resistor values are relatively unimportant.

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The static device that converts settled or fixed DC input voltage or power into a variable voltage or power is referred to as chopper. The chopper meets the standards of an AC transformer, where their characteristics are identical. Since the choppers involve one-stage conversion, they are more efficient. Just like the transformer, the chopper is subjected to step up or even step down the fixed DC voltage. The wide range of applications of choppers includes various electronic equipment worldwide.

Chopper circuits are known as DC-to-DC converters. Similar to the transformers of the AC circuit, choppers are used to step up and step down the DC power. They change the fixed DC power to variable DC power. Using these, DC power supplied to the devices can be adjusted to the required amount.

The chopper systems offer smooth control, high-efficiency, fast response, and regeneration.

In signal preparing circuits, utilization of chopper has become very important in a framework of electronic drifts. The initial standard can be enhanced using the synchronous demodulators that basically undo the “cleaving” methodology.

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The static device that converts settled or fixed DC input voltage or power into a variable voltage or power is referred to as chopper. The chopper meets the standards of an AC transformer, where their characteristics are identical. Since the choppers involve one-stage conversion, they are more efficient. Just like the transformer, the chopper is subjected to step up or even step down the fixed DC voltage. The wide range of applications of choppers includes various electronic equipment worldwide.

Chopper circuits are known as DC-to-DC converters. Similar to the transformers of the AC circuit, choppers are used to step up and step down the DC power. They change the fixed DC power to variable DC power. Using these, DC power supplied to the devices can be adjusted to the required amount.

The chopper systems offer smooth control, high-efficiency, fast response, and regeneration.

In signal preparing circuits, utilization of chopper has become very important in a framework of electronic drifts. The initial standard can be enhanced using the synchronous demodulators that basically undo the “cleaving” methodology.

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Isolation amplifiers are usually applied in ECG to

capture signals. In this process, the signals generated by

leads are sent to the electrosurgery filter, which can

reduce the interference between electrosurgery and

radiofrequency. This is a process of isolation amplifiers

to remove noise and reduce interference signals.

Secondly, the isolation amplifier can withstand excessive

voltage and protect the voltage during defibrillation. In

this process, due to the high impedance of the isolation

amplifier, it can reduce the current by lowering the

voltage. This is also the main reason for the high stability

of the isolation amplifier. As demonstrated in the

description of the isolation amplifier, one of its functions

is to protect patients and devices from the hazards of

electric shocks. As the isolation amplifier goes to the lead

selector switch, it selects the required configuration and

then the lead selection output enters the DC amplifier[3].

Subsequently, after the adjustment of the transformer, the

current decreases and remains stable. The ECG signal is

output by the synchronous modulator and displayed by

the microcomputer.

During the process of the isolation amplifier, it can be

found that it has several main advantages in ECG. Firstly,

the isolation amplifier removes ripple noise. For ECG,

this will help reduce the interference of noise on heart-

related indicators. Secondly, the isolation amplifier is

also pretty. As it is pointed out, “The isolation stage

serves the galvanic decoupling of the patient from the

measuring equipment and provides safety from electrical

hazard”[6]. Third, the isolation amplifier has a strong

anti-magnetic ability[7]. In other words, in ECG, due to

the isolation amplifier, it is hardly affected by mobile

phones, computers, or other magnetic objects. Finally,

due to the high impedance of the isolation amplifier and

the reduction of the current to the transformer, the

isolation amplifier has high gain stability.

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Interpret by ChatGPT(layman with B1)

A simple device called a subtractor or difference amplifier can be made using four resistors and a special component called an op amp. However, this setup might have some issues when dealing with something called common mode rejection (CMR). Even a small difference in the strength of the initial signal might make the CMR not work as well. To fix this problem, you can add some special parts to each input to make them match better (like using a very accurate kind of op amp). But doing this makes the simple setup more complicated, and it might cause some other problems like changes in accuracy or making the device not work as expected.

Another issue is that how well the CMR works mostly depends on how the resistor sizes compare to each other, not so much on the op amp itself. Also, the exact values of the resistors themselves aren't very crucial for making this work.

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Certainly! Here's a simplified translation of the article:

"A chopper is a device that can change a fixed DC input voltage or power into a variable one. It's similar to an AC transformer in its characteristics. Choppers are efficient because they involve a single-stage conversion. Just like transformers for AC, choppers can increase or decrease a fixed DC voltage. They are widely used in various electronic devices globally.

Chopper circuits are also known as DC-to-DC converters. Like AC transformers, choppers can adjust DC power, making it variable. This flexibility allows for precise control of the power supplied to devices.

Chopper systems provide smooth control, high efficiency, quick response, and the ability to regenerate power. In signal processing circuits, choppers play a crucial role in electronic applications. Synchronous demodulators can be used to improve the initial signal by reversing the 'chopping' process."

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any specific questions or if there's anything else I can do for you.

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1. Purpose of Isolation Amplifiers in ECG:

Signal Capture: Isolation amplifiers are used in ECG to capture signals generated by leads.

Electrosurgery Filter: Signals are sent to an electrosurgery filter to reduce interference between electrosurgery and radiofrequency, improving signal quality.

Noise Reduction: Isolation amplifiers remove noise and reduce interference signals, enhancing the accuracy of ECG readings.

2. Protection Mechanisms:

Voltage Protection: Isolation amplifiers can withstand excessive voltage and protect against voltage spikes during defibrillation.

High Impedance: The high impedance of isolation amplifiers helps reduce current by lowering voltage, contributing to the stability of the amplifier.

3. Lead Selection Process:

Lead Selector Switch: The isolation amplifier routes signals through a lead selector switch to choose the required configuration.

DC Amplifier: The selected lead configuration output enters the DC amplifier for further processing.

4. Advantages of Isolation Amplifiers in ECG:

Noise Removal: Isolation amplifiers eliminate ripple noise, reducing interference in ECG signals and improving accuracy.

Safety: The galvanic decoupling of the patient from the measuring equipment enhances safety, protecting against electrical hazards.

Anti-Magnetic Ability: Isolation amplifiers are minimally affected by external magnetic sources such as mobile phones and computers.

High Gain Stability: The high impedance of isolation amplifiers and current reduction contribute to high gain stability.

In summary, isolation amplifiers play a crucial role in ECG by capturing and processing signals while offering advantages such as noise reduction, safety, anti-magnetic properties, and high gain stability. These features contribute to the accuracy and reliability of ECG measurements while ensuring the safety of both patients and devices.

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Since the Instrumentation bio-amplifier has lower

signal noise, it is often applied to ECG. As it is argued,

"As the technology of biomedical instrumentation

amplifier has moved towards portability, lower power

consumption is highly desirable" [8]. The instrumentation biological amplifier has an input buffer, which makes the instrumentation biological amplifier easy to match with the preceding stage. Therefore, the instrumentation biological amplifier is easier to work in ECG. The low DC bias means that the ECG is hardly affected by other change points. In addition, a characteristic of the Instrumentation bio-amplifier is the high common-mode rejection ratio [9]. High common-mode rejection means higher resistance to stronger current interference. Instrumentation bio-amplifier is a very precise medical instrument, so it must keep the interferences as low as possible when detecting ECG signals.

Therefore, one of the advantages of the Instrumentation biological amplifier is that it requires a low power supply, and it can improve the accuracy of physiological indicators, the heart-related indicators in ECG. Second, it is monitored to understand heart health [10]. Third, like isolation amplifiers, Instrumentation biological amplifiers have very low noise. Finally, judging from the working principle of the Instrumentation biological amplifier in ECG, one of its

most prominent advantages is that it is easy to match with

preceding stages.

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1. Definition of "common mode rejection"

2. What is the preceding stage during ECG acquisition?

3. Check the condition of the DC bias.

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1.What is “CMR”

2.What is “open loop buffer”

3 “and may introduce offset drift and nonlinearity”➡️can't understand

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1.definition of “synchronous modulator “

2.definition of “electrosurgery filter”

3.all the text since to mention the positive side .Is there any negative side about isolation amplifiers?

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1.What is “One-stage conversion”

2.What is “synchronous demodulator”

3.What can it be applied in biological science

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The Instrumentation biological amplifier is a special device used in medical settings, particularly for heart-related tests like ECG. It's designed to be very precise and has some key features that make it useful.

One important thing about this amplifier is that it has less background noise in the signals it captures. This makes it especially good for ECG tests, where we want to get accurate information about the heart's activity. When we talk about "background noise," we mean unwanted signals or interference that could mess up the results.

As technology has advanced, there's a push to make these biomedical instruments, like the amplifier, more portable and energy-efficient. The Instrumentation biological amplifier fits this trend because it doesn't need a lot of power. This is important because lower power consumption is preferred in modern medical devices.

The amplifier also has something called an input buffer, which basically makes it easy to connect to the equipment that comes before it in the testing process. This ensures smooth and accurate readings in an ECG. Another good thing is that the amplifier doesn't have much impact on the test due to changes in the electrical signal, which is a positive feature when dealing with ECG.

One special quality of this amplifier is its high common-mode rejection ratio. In simple terms, this means it's good at resisting interference from other electrical sources. For a medical instrument like this, it's crucial to keep interference as low as possible when trying to detect signals from the heart.

So, in simpler terms, the Instrumentation biological amplifier has a few advantages. First, it doesn't need a lot of power, which is good for making it portable and efficient. Second, it helps improve the accuracy of heart-related indicators in ECG tests. Third, it's useful for monitoring overall heart health. Lastly, it works well with other equipment in the testing process, making it reliable and accurate.

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Isolation amplifiers play a crucial role in Electrocardiography (ECG) to capture signals. During this process, signals from leads are directed to the electrosurgery filter, which minimizes interference between electrosurgery and radiofrequency. This use of isolation amplifiers aids in eliminating noise and reducing interference signals. Additionally, isolation amplifiers can endure high voltage and safeguard voltage during defibrillation. This is achieved by the amplifier's high impedance, which reduces current by lowering voltage, ensuring high stability.

The primary function of isolation amplifiers, as described, is to protect both patients and devices from electric shock hazards. As the isolation amplifier proceeds to the lead selector switch, it chooses the necessary configuration before the lead selection output enters the DC amplifier[3]. Following the transformer adjustment, the current decreases and remains stable. The ECG signal is then output by the synchronous modulator and displayed by the microcomputer.

Throughout the isolation amplifier process, several advantages are evident in ECG. Firstly, it effectively eliminates ripple noise, aiding in reducing interference on heart-related indicators. Secondly, the isolation amplifier ensures safety by providing galvanic decoupling of the patient from the measuring equipment, as mentioned: "The isolation stage serves the galvanic decoupling of the patient from the measuring equipment and provides safety from electrical hazard"[6]. Thirdly, the isolation amplifier demonstrates strong resistance to magnetic interference[7]. In ECG, it is minimally affected by mobile phones, computers, or other magnetic objects. Lastly, owing to the high impedance of the isolation amplifier and the reduction of current to the transformer, the isolation amplifier maintains high gain stability.

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The article talks about a device called a "chopper." This device does something cool - it can change a steady electric power into power that can go up or down. It's a bit like a magic box that transforms the power to be just right for different gadgets.

This chopper thing works a bit like those transformers you see in cartoons, but it's even better because it's more efficient. It's used in many electronic devices all over the world.

They call the circuits of these choppers "DC-to-DC converters." Basically, they make sure the power going to devices can be changed to fit what the device needs. So, if something needs a little more or a little less power, the chopper makes it happen.

Choppers are awesome because they help control things smoothly, work really well, respond super quickly, and can even make power again.

In fancy signal circuits, using a chopper has become really important. They can make things work even better with some clever tools that do the opposite of what the chopper does.

In simple words, choppers are like the superheroes of electric devices. They make sure everything gets just the right amount of power and works really efficiently.

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This paragraph discusses building a simple subtractor or difference amplifier using an operational amplifier (op amp) and four resistors. However, it points out potential issues related to common mode rejection (CMR) due to source impedance imbalance. To address this, it suggests using well-matched open-loop buffers, which, although solving the CMR problem, can introduce complexity and offset drift. Additionally, the CMR in this circuit is more influenced by resistor ratio matching than the op amp itself, and the absolute resistor values are not crucial.

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111263035

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