# data[].attributes.body
Inability of state to function in almost anything

No judges, cannot solve anything legal related - could provoke increased violence

criminal cases, disputes, divorces...

overcrowded prisons

cannot register businesses or settle business disputes

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due to the political instability and lack of safety for investment, might cause capital flight

incentivizes crime - you can get away with breaking the law

inability to enforce anti trust laws or any competitive measures

state collapse

might increase bribes - if wealthy, can pay for trial to happen

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due to bribes and lengthy time of trial, increased costs of production - decrease in AS

less investment - decrease in AD

higher prices and less quantity of goods, more unemployment

LRAS shifting left - a lack of legal, leads to degradation of infrastructure, physical capital

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Political influence=judicial system is not independent, influenced by government

Corruption=undermined public trust

Unclear property laws=makes it more difficult to buy real estate, less foreign investment, slow resolution of property disputes

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Corruption and political instability, leading to inability to properly regulate the justice system. This can cause increase in corruption and criminal, leading to decrease in AS and AD, hence negatively impacting employment.

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illicit economy incubated by corruption that facilitates the patronage of armed gangs by elites

widespread corruption that contributed to the pervasive impunity in the country’s justice systems.

violent protest = less AS

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115th worse ranked in corruption

Legal system is not trusted

Racist institutions

Laws and punishments are influenced in individual cases according to political agendas

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"One of the significant challenges is the outdated legal framework, which is a legacy of the colonial era. Many laws are archaic, and their provisions are often inconsistent with modern realities."

"The slow pace of justice delivery frustrates litigants and erodes confidence in the legal system. The judiciary's limited resources, inadequate funding, and poor management exacerbate the problem. Corruption is another significant obstacle which has undermined the integrity of the legal system, making it difficult for ordinary citizens to access justice. The corrupt practices discourage people from seeking legal remedies thereby perpetuating impunity and injustice."

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decrease in efficiency - opportunity cost in preparing taxes - wasting your time!

red tape motivates corruption - people will try to circumvent the system - tax evasion

decreased social trust in government

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high cost to prepare taxes, high cost of production - leftward AS shift

cannot invest the money back

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Inability to have sustained growth - opportunity cost of taxes

Cannot reinvest this money into merit goods

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Around 40% on personal income, corporate tax 37%, according to this government could generate a lot of income and invest in infrastructure, healthcare, however due to corruption and political instability, this is not visible. This negatively affects efficiency and economic growth.

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High tax burden on labour=labour cost expensive, low employment

complicated and not transparent Tax system, frequent changes in tax law=low investment, bureaucracy, inefficiency and corruption

High VAT rate (20%)= avoiding payment

No wealth taxation=rich stays rich

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Dependence of women on others to use their bank accounts, loss of autonomy of their finances

Worsens gender inequality

Physical access to a bank is difficult

Banking costs being high

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Inequality between those banked and those unbanked

Harder to start a business

Issue of informal savings - money can be lost, can be stolen

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Unable to access bank funding - decreases investment and consumption - shift left AD

High banking costs - shift left AS

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Fragmented financial system(one for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and another for Republika Srpska)-each with its own banking agency=lack of a unified regulatory framework, the division creates inefficiencies and it is difficult to enforce monetary policies.

Limited access to credit for small businesses= hinders economic growth, hard to secure loan

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Limited access to banks, one of big disadvantages in the country and Africa. Number of people with bank account is very small, which negatively affects growth and economic development, since people are not able to have any money transactions and run business. This negatively affects aggregate supply, shifting AS to the left, but it is also important to note that this can lead to decrease in investments and cause leftward shift of AD.

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No interest loans - people just take them

Robbers and crooks - violence

Not enough capital to have a sufficient bank system

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What are the biggest problems with Nigeria’s Banking system?

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Research, insights and deal briefings on Africa

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Benefit - can prove ownership, can't get kicked out of your house

If you want to sell or rent, easy to prove and do

Gender perspective - cannot inherit or own property in some countries - cannot build generational wealth

Lawlessness and lack of responsibility

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World Bank - IMF - privatize land

More privatization means more stability - people understand their own land VS other peoples land

Hence, regional stability, will try not to take other people's land

Strengths/weaknesses/challenges?

Government-owned land ?

Inequality - should people stick to wha they own?

Rule of law - weak - might have laws but do not/cannot enforce them, corruption

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How do property rights play a role in this?

Amazon's indigenous threatened by farmers

Economic boom put pressure on their lands

Damage on environment and indigenous peoples

Area of indigenous people

Titling - FUNAI - gave documents

Weak rule of law - inability to respect the titles - corruption

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Health issues - perhaps increased STIs and teenage pregnancy - women and girls have to take care of children

Increased mortality rate

Bad infrastructure and services -

Dependent on men - banking, cannot have wealth - houses, businesses

Culture around gender - patriarchy

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Less quality of factors of production - less education and thus less productivity

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LRAS - shift left

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Push for people to migrate - less workers, less labor force - BiH- huge diaspora

Remittances - send money back

But specialized workers leave

Nepotism and corruption - lack of transparency

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Unskilled labor, less productive/effective workers

No/little licenses/government oversight

Low wages for highly skilled jobs

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Less productive workers and high costs of production - shift left of AS and LRAS

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Opportunity cost - money laundered or stolen is not invested in merit goods e.g. infrastructure

corruption in government and with companies - favoritism/monopoly - cartel

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issues of governance - lack of transparency and consequences

emigration and capital flight

favoritism - no bidding/competition - might lead to inefficient producer

impacts of protests - not paying taxes, boycotts

censorship -

lower satisfaction, productivity

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divided society -

political instability - higher crime, higher poverty

higher unemployment, particularly for brown and black people

inability to access to merit goods - healthcare, education

# data[].attributes.body
loss of human capital

increased informal labor - loss of tax revenue

poverty cycle - low levels of human capital, low income, low investment, etc, etc...

opportunity cost from loss of unemployment, underemployment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 2005, the UN imposed travel bans and asset freezes on people suspected of being involved in the 14 February 2005 terrorist bombing in Beirut, Lebanon, in which Syria was implicated by a UN report. The EU, UK, and US have autonomous sanctions regimes in response to the Syrian government's violent repression of civilians and the removal of goods belonging to Syria's cultural heritage.

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In 2005, the UN imposed travel bans and asset freezes on people suspected of being involved in the 14 February 2005 terrorist bombing in Beirut, Lebanon, in which Syria was implicated by a UN report. The EU, UK, and US have autonomous sanctions regimes in response to the Syrian government's violent repression of civilians and the removal of goods belonging to Syria's cultural heritage.

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Ongoing conflict, presence of violence, and political instability. The economy can not grow, because of lack of security, money is spent on militias instead on merit goods. This decreases investment and consumption spending, hence decreasing AD, at the same time AS is also decreasing, because instability and insecurity lead to decrease in production of goods, or extraction of commodities.

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-Military coup, overthrowing National League for Democracy (NLD) over alleged election fraud

Mass protests and civil disobedience erupted.

Violent crackdowns by the military, thousands killed/arrested.

Armed resistance formed, leading to ongoing conflict.

Economic collapse – GDP shrank 18% in 2021.

Foreign businesses withdrew= increasing unemployment and poverty.

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Foreign Aid used to represent around 40% of Afghanistan's GDP and since the Taliban took power such assistance has been suspended. The lack of economic activity is furthered by the international sanctions that crippled the possibilities of the government since assets of the central bank (more than $9 billion) have been frozen abroad.