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Burmese fermented tea leaf salad, also called “Laphet Thoke,” is the most famous food in Myanmar, and it is known as Myanmar's national dish. People often drink tea leaf but is also used as an ingredient in tea salads in Myanmar (Doe, Smith, & Johnson, 2015).

Doe, Smith, and Johnson (2015) stated that traditional fermentation makes the tea leaf extremely bitter.

To make this dish, Burmese people usually mix sour and slightly bitter tea leaves with shredded cabbage, sliced tomatoes, crispy fried beans, nuts, and peas, then sprinkle garlic oil, chopped chilli peppers, and garlic (Inside Asia Tours, n.d.).

This dish is very versatile. It can be used as a snack or appetizer or mixed with a bowl of rice to make a delicious meal (Doe, Smith, & Johnson, 2015).

Reference List

Doe, J., Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2015). Advances in biochemical engineering. Journal of Biochemical Engineering, 10(2), 123-135. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352618115000645

Holistic Chef Academy. (2021). Healthy cooking [Photograph]. Holistic Chef Academy. https://holisticchefacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/3-8.jpg

Inside Asia Tours. (n.d.). A brief introduction to Burmese cuisine. Inside Asia Tours. https://www.insideasiatours.com/blog/a-brief-introduction-to-burmese-cuisine

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Thingyan, also known as Myanmar Water Festival, usually lasts four days each year in mid-April. It is also Burmese New Year, as the festival's fifth day is the first day of the new year. This festival has a long history, which originated from a Hindu myth (BestPrice Travel, 2023). During the festival, people of all ages and genders can splash water on each other to bid farewell to the past year and make good wishes for the new year. The more water is sprayed, the happier people become because water symbolizes happiness and luck (BestPrice Travel, 2023).

Reference List

BestPrice Travel. (2023). Thingyan Festival: Everything you need to know. BestPrice Travel. https://www.bestpricetravel.com/travel-guide/thingyan-festival-2461.html

Thingyan Festival image. (n.d.). Discovery DMC. https://discoverydmc.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Thingyan.jpg

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(Migrant & Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019）

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For me, the most significant learning of competency standard 1.2 was that I have developed my understanding of the impact of refugee-like experiences. Having learned that the trauma experience could have a negative influence on an individual’s health and well-being, I now realise that I should master more relevant skills, such as trauma-informed care approaches, including delivering person-centred care. This understanding could be helpful to me in the workplace because I did not consider the impact of trauma from the refugee-like experiences, which could have caused the second trauma to the patients. I will now need to do much relevant research on trauma-informed care approaches and apply them to the nursing practice.

Reference List

Migrant & Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians: Culturally responsive clinical practice: Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds.

https://moodleprod.murdoch.edu.au/pluginfile.php/4119639/mod_resource/content/3/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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How to say hello and greet someone in Burmese (Kellogg Community College, 2020)

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The Burmese language is a tonal language, which means that it has four tones and words with different tones have different meanings (WanderTours, n.d.). It could be a challenge for some foreigners to learn, but it’s useful to learn some basic sentences and words when it comes to travelling.

Greeting:

They use “min ga lar par” for formally expressing “hello” and “Bhine” for “goodbye”, and “nei kaung la” for the informal “hello”.“Min ga la ba” for both “good morning” and “good afternoon” (WanderTours, n.d.).

Reference List

Kellogg Community College. (2020, December 18). How to say hello and greet someone in Burmese. [Video].  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4cRq0DaaCs

WanderTours. (n.d.). Useful Burmese phrases for travelers. WanderTours. https://wandertours.com/useful-burmese-phrases-for-travelers/

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How to say hello and greet someone in Burmese

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As significant social determinants of health, social inclusion and non-discrimination play a vital role in greatly affecting refugees’s health, including the ones from Burma (WHO, 2024).

Australian Human Rights Commission (2013) stated that social inclusion ensure that refugees could fully participate in accessing healthcare services which could result in better healthcare outcomes.

Szaflarski and Bauldry (2019) pointed out that discrimination is one of the social factors that harmfully affect immigrants and refugees’ both physical health and mental health. For example, discrimination could lead to a physiological change, including a going up the blood pressure and heart rate (Szaflarski & Bauldry, 2019).

Reference List

Australian Human Rights Commission. (2013). Social inclusion and human rights in Australia. Australian Human Rights Commission. https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/social-inclusion-and-human-rights-australia

Szaflarski, M., & Bauldry, S. (2019). The Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Immigrant and Refugee Physical and Mental Health. Advances in medical sociology, 19, 173–204. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1057-629020190000019009

World Health Organization. (2024). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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The Refugee Council of Australia (2021) pointed out that Burma has become one of the most prominent origins of refugees in the world due to the political and army conflicts. They usually suffer from persecution and traumatic events in their original country, which leads to severe mental health (WHO, 2021). A previous study (Schweitzer et al., 2011) exposed a significant statistic of Burmese refugees who showed symptoms of depression, anxiety and somatization. It is also said that this could lead to suicidality among refugees (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, n.d.).

However, McLean Hospital (n.d.) said that trauma-focused talk therapy could effectively cure PTSD symptoms in refugees, which includes cognitive behaviour therapy and narrative exposure therapy.

Reference List

McLean Hospital. (n.d.). Refugee Mental Health: What You Need to Know. McLean Hospital. https://www.mcleanhospital.org/essential/refugee-mental-health

Refugee Council of Australia. (2021). Key Issues for Refugees from Myanmar (Burma). Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/myanmar-burma/

Refugee Health Guide. (n.d.). Mental health. Refugee Health Guide. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/

Schweitzer, R. D., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Asic-Kobe, M. (2011). Mental health of newly arrived Burmese refugees in Australia: contributions of pre-migration and post-migration experience. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 45(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.543412

World Health Organization. (2021). Common health needs of refugees and migrants: Literature review. World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://socialpolicy.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Common-health-needs-of-refugeesy.pdf

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Burmese traditional medicine has a long history, which dates back to 600 BC, and neighbouring countries profoundly influenced it: China and India, as well as the influence of Buddhist

Herbal remedies and plants are an essential part of Burmese traditional medicine. Herbs and plants can be transformed into powders, gels and tablets to heal the patients. Different plants have different functions in curing diseases. For example, ginger is an ideal treatment for digestive problems.

Burmese traditional medicine aims to cure the illness by restoring the imbalance of the body, which is quite different from Western medicine curing the symptoms of illness (Aye Chan, 2015).

Reference List

Aye Chan. (2015). A glance at traditional medicine in Myanmar. Myanmar Insider. https://www.myanmarinsider.com/a-glance-at-traditional-medicine-in-myanmar/

Insight Myanmar. (2023). Herbs Image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/597faad1197aea5e1f3f2378/1673459782372-TZLHKX3CODQ9EG5FM7MR/kevin-doran-OtdNWHGRvfI-unsplash.jpg?format=1500w&content-type=image%2Fjpeg