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Summary of Language Acquisition Theories related to L1 and L2 development. (note: not yet fully understood/researched, many conflicting theories)

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Hypothesis: Children learn L1 through stimulus, response, reinforcement, imitation, & association.

Described by many to be an insufficient theory for language development.

Key terms: stimulus, response, reinforcement (3 basic elements of learning)

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Hypothesis: By Noam Chomsky, (focus is on infancy) stated that language acquisition is accounted for by biological acquisition device (system). AKA, we are hardwired for language, with universal grammar that comes once their "mother tongue" is learned. We are "innately" able to communicate.

Theory that learning is done through testing and using rules. They get these skills from parents, teachers, etc.

Researchers took this theory and expanded upon it by looking at grammar skills throughout different stages of language development.

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Hypothesis: Caregivers influence language & facilitate language acquisition. Emphasis on importance of both nature and nurture.

Focus on social interactions with parents and caregivers.

Interactions do not equal understanding. Understanding is developed over time, "through misunderstanding".

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L1 theories were utilized in considering L2 Acquisition.

Summarized as an interdisciplinary field with attention paid to social and cultural conventions and how connections between language and culture come into play.

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Hypothesis: Second language acquisition process consists of imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures. Errors have to be corrected immediately to avoid bad habits.

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Hypothesis: Stephen Krahsen has 5 Hypotheses about L2 Acquisition in regards to innatist perspective.

"People acquire second languages when they obtain comprehensible input and when their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in."

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Definition: Difference btwn learning & acquiring a language. Learning is formal and conscious study of language, acquiring leads to natural and fluent communication.

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Definition: Internal grammar editor or "monitor" is developed from formally studying a language to ensure the correct use based on knowledge of the rules.

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Definition: Language learners acquire rules in a specific, predictable sequence, variations can occur and are influenced by L1.

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Definition: L2 is the result of a learners understanding within the context of natural communication. Context, background knowledge, and cues like body language/gesture/pictures have an influence.

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Definition: Having a low- anxiety learning environment that is motivating, with increased self- confidence and self- esteem will motivate the learner to acquire L2.

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Hypothesis: Input that is comprehensible is necessary for L2 acquisition. Communicating naturally in conversation is a crucial aspect. Errors are corrected naturally in most cases, some redirection will occur in conversation or through instruction.

Key terms: negotiation of meaning