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Area Consisting of Most of Present-day Alaska and Canada

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Area Consisting of Present-day Northern Alaska and Canada and some parts of Greenland

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Area Consisting of Present-day Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut

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Area Consisting of Present-day Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas.

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Area Consisting of Present-day Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana

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Area Consisting of Modern-day California

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Area Consisting of Most of Nevada, Half of Utah, and Sections of Idaho, Wyoming, Oregon, and California

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Area Consisting of New Mexico, Arizona, Sections of Texas, and Most of Northern Mexico

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Area Consisting of the Northwest Coastline of the American Continent; Contains Small Sections of Oregon, Washington, northern Idaho, and the Canadian province of British Columbia

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The Subarctic region is characterized by its massive coniferous forests, which are typical natural vegetation of the subarctic climate. The region is mostly covered in snow. The subarctic climate has brief, cool summers and very cold winters; total annual precipitation is low.

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The Arctic region is mostly composed of glaciers, sea ice, and upland tundra. There are differences between coastal regions and interior regions. In the coastal regions, a maritime climate prevails, making winters stormy and wet; however, in interior regions, the weather is drier, and there is less snow. However, winter weather in the interior regions is still severe, going down to negative 40 degrees Celsius.

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Area Consisting of Small Parts of Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia

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The Northeast region is composed of mountains and highlands (notably the Appalachian Mountains), major rivers (such as the Hudson River), and forests with a lot of deciduous trees. The winters are cold with significant snowfall; summers are hot and humid; springs and autumns have moderate temperatures.

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Dene Tribe + Algonquian Tribe

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Yupik Tribe + Inuit Tribe

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The Southeast region is composed of two very different types of landforms: highlands and lowlands. It also has two coasts, with one along the Atlantic Ocean, and the other along the Gulf of Mexico. The climate of the Southeast is humid subtropical, with abundant rainfall, hot summers, and mild winters.

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The Plains, or the Great Plains, is a vast dry area with low rainfall. Much of the plains experience cold winters and warm summers. There is low precipitation and humidity and much wind, and there are sudden temperature changes.

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Illinois Tribe + Shawnee Tribe + Ottawa Tribe

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Seminole Tribe + Chickasaw Tribe

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Sioux Tribe + Kiowa Tribe

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The Southwest region is composed of mountains, canyons, mesas, buttes, high broad basins, plateaus, desert lands, and some plains. The region has low rainfall and very hot temperatures, making the region desert-like. Therefore, many people refer to the Southwest region as being semi-arid or arid.

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Pueblo Tribe + Zuni Tribe + Huichol Tribe

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The Great Basin is composed of many small mountain blocks (basins) and broad intervening valleys. Therefore, some say that the name "Great Basin" is a bit misleading as there is no single enormous basin. There is little vegetation because there is not much precipitation. It is a temperate desert with dry summers

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Shoshone Tribe + Ute Tribe + Paiute Tribe

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Now considered a state, California is composed of "cliffs, beaches, volcanic lava beds, fertile river valleys, waterfalls, mountains and deserts." California is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and warm summers. In fact, freezing temperatures are very rare in this region.

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Kato Tribe + Chumash Tribe

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The Northwest Coast is composed of numerous bays, islands, and mountains. There is rich marine life in this region. This strip of the coast has a mild climate, with summers being cool and winters being wet and mild.

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Chinook Tribe + Nookta Tribe

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The Plateau region is the high plateau region between the Rocky Mountains and the coastal mountain system. The climate of the Plateau Region is continental. Temperature fluctuation is large. Precipitation is generally low, and snow covers the region (particularly in high altitudes).

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Nez Perce Tribe + Shuswap Tribe

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The major way inhabitants in the Subarctic region obtained food was through hunting and fishing. They hunted caribou (reindeer) which were not only used for food but also for clothing and tools. Moose and bears were also an important source of food. Ice fishing was a common practice to obtain food.

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As mentioned above, the subarctic is an extremely cold place. Therefore, they created housing that prevents themselves from the cold. They mainly used teepees, which had enough insulation and also has high mobility because teepees are easy to make.

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1) The inhabitants of the Subarctic region were animists who believed that animals possess a soul. They also believed in totemism and shamanism. They performed hunting rituals and seasonal celebrations.

2) Subarctic societies are generally egalitarian, and decisions were typically made by consesus. Many groups were organized into clans (extended family groups)

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The major way inhabitants of the Artic region obtained food was through hunting. They hunted marine mammals, such as seals, whales, and walrus. Seal blubber, for example, was an important source of fat. They also hunted fish, such as salmon and the artic char.

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The arctic region is an extremely cold place, even colder than the subarctic region. Therefore, to protect themselves from the extreme cold, people built igloos. Igloos are circular houses made of blocks of hard snow, and they trap the heat inside so that the temperature inside the igloo remains warm.

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1) Mythology is an important part of daily life for them. For example, Inuit mythology includes stories involving deities, spirits, and mythical creatures. Key figures include the sea goddess Sedna and the polar bear spirit Nanook.

2) They signed various land claims agreements in Canada and Greenland that have recognized Inuit rights to land and resources.

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The indigenous people of the Eastern Woodlands used sophisticated tools and techniques to hunt their game. They used bows and arrows, spears and atlatls, and traps and snares. By doing so, they caught deer, elk, rabbits, and bears. Farming was also a major part of their life. They farmed corn, beans, and squash

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The inhabitants of the Northeast lived in longhouses. They could be up to 100 feet long and 20 to 30 feet wide. Longhouses were equipped with a central hearth for heating and cooking, and smoke from the hearth exited through the roof. Longhouses, thanks to their thick bark walls, provided insulation against the cold and better air ciculation in summer.

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1) The Iroquois Confederacy formed. It was a union of five (later six) tribes, and it was founded on principles of mutual cooperation and peace. They had the "Great Law of Peace," which established a democratic system of governance.

2) The Iroquous celebrated the Green Corn Festival, which marked the beginning of the corn harvest.

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Similarly to the people of the Northeast, Southeast inhabitants also hunted using sophisticated techniques (like using traps). They also farmed squash, bean, corn, and other crops. Farming yielded better results in the Southeast than the Northeast due to warmer climates. The inhabitants of the Southeast, surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, also fished.

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The inhabitants of the Southeast lived in housings called Chikastiques. These houses are typically circular or oval and are made with wood, clay, and mud. These homes were designed to be insulated against the cold in winter and cool in summer.

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1) The inhabitants of the Southeast formed confederacies and alliances. The most notable confederacy is the Creek Confederacy which allowed the inhabitants to pool resources and strengthen their collective influence.

2) Southeastern tribes were skilled in basketry and pottery. They wove intricate baskets.

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The people of the Great Plains barely farmed because their land was not fertile. Instead, they hunted wild game. They hunted buffalo (bison), which were used for both meat and clothing. They also hunted deer, elk, and antelope.

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Similarly to the Subarctic people, the Plains people also used teepees. Teepes are conical tents made from wooden poles covered with buffalo skin. Because the Great Plains peoples migrated often and tipis offered high mobility, they commonly used tipis as their primary form of housing. The teepes also provided insulation against the extreme temperatures of the Plains.

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1) Many Great Plains tribes had governing systems that included councils coposed of respected leaders and elders. The leaders and elders made decisions on various matters, such as trade, warfare, and diplomacy

2) Extensive trade networks connected the Plains people with other tribes and regions. They traded buffalo hides, tools, and beads.

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The inhabitants of the Southwest mostly farmed. Farming was a favorable choice due to the warm weather and fertile land. They planted maize (which was the most important source of food), beans, and squash.

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The inhabitants of the Southwest built pueblos, which are communal dwellings built by Puebloans. They are made from adobe (a mixture of clay, sand, and straw) and stone. Pueblos are multi-story structures with flat roofs. The adobe construction of pueblos provided excellent insulation, keeping the interior cool in the hot summer.

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1) The inhabitants of the Southwest had a complex irrigation system. They used canals and check dams, which allowed for the cultivation of crops in arid environments.

2) Ritual dances and ceremonies, such as the Sun Dance and various harvest festivals, are important to cultural and spiritual life. They often involve elaborate costumes, songs and dances that hold deep symbolic meanings.

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Foraging is an important step for the inhabitants of the Great Basin to obtain food. They collected seeds and nuts, roots and tubers, and berries and fruits. They also hunted deer, elk, and rabbits.

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Most inhabitants of the Great Basin lived in Wickiups. Wickiups are dome-shaped or conical structurse made from a framework of branches covered with a layer of grass, reeds, and animal hides. The ease of construction and portability of Wickiups made the Wickiups ideal for its inhabitants who often moved from place to place.

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1) The inhabitants of the Great Basin practiced a variety of ceremonies and rituals, such as the Green Corn Ceremony and the Sun Dance. These ceremonies' main purpose was to celebrate the harvest of crops.

2) Social organization of the Great Plains inhabitants often revolved around extended family units or clans. As a result, their housing reflected communal living practices.

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The inhabitants of the Great Basins relied on foraging. They collected acorns from oak trees, collected seeds and nuts from pine trees, and collected berries and fruits. They didn't farm much as it did not have much rain.

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Housing varied widely in California. Common types of housing included cone- or dome-shaped structures, constructed with a framework of poles and covered with rass or bark. Some desert-dwelling Californians built temporary brush shelters. These houses efficiently reflected the communal living styles of the Californian people, and they also provided protection against the weather.

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1) Spiritual life in native California centered on the Kukshu and Toloache religions. Both religions involved complex rituals involving colorful and dramatic costumes and dances.

2) The most notable art forms in native California were basketry and rock art. They created the best baskets in all of North America.

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The inhabitants of the Northwest Coast relied excessively on marine foods. They fished salmon, halibut, and rockfish. They also ate shellfish, such as clams, oysters, and mussles.

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The inhabitants of the Northwest Coast lived in Plank Houses. These structures were large, rectangular buildings with sturdy wooden frames. Since plank houses were typically large, communal structures that could accommodate extended families or even entire clans, the inhabitants of the Northwest Coast favored Plank Houses over other types of housing.

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1) The inhabitants of the Northwest Coast created totem poles, which are carved wooden poles featuring intricate designs and adorned with figures of spirits and animals. These poles were commonly used in religious ceremonies and served as important symbols of family lineage, clan affiliations, and significant cultural narratives.

2) Oral storytelling is a central component of cultural transmission. Stories, myths, and legends are passed down through generations and serve to convey historical events, moral lessons, and cultural values.

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The inhabitants of the Plateau region often relied on foraging. They collected roots and tubers (such as Camas and Bitterroot), berries and fruits (such as huckleberries and elderberries), and seeds and nuts (such as pine nuts and sunflower seeds).

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Much of the inhabitants of the Plateau region lived in Pit houses. Pit Houses were partially dug into the ground, and the walls were constructed from a combination of wooden poles, woven branches, and earth. These earth covering provided protection against harsh weather conditions; the underground design helped to moderate interior temperatures.

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1) The indigenous people of the plateau enjoyed the potlach ceremony, which involved feasting, gift-giving, and redistributing of wealth. These gatherings reinforced social bonds and established social status.

2) The indigenous people of the Plateau were experts in basketry and weaving. They were made from grasses, willow, and bark, and were used for carrying, storing, and processing food.