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Phonemic awareness focuses more on the sounds heard in a word.

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Fluency- refers to the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with proper expression

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Vocabulary- The vocabulary component of reading refers to the knowledge and understanding of words and their meanings within a text.

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Defining and explaining vocabulary

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One developmentally appropriate activity to help support the vocabulary component of reading.

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1. "Teaching Reading to English Language Learners: A Reflective Guide" by Thomas S. C. Farrell (book)

2. "Differentiated Reading Instruction: Strategies for the Primary Grades" by Sharon Walpole and Michael C. McKenna (book)

3. "Reading Rockets" website (online resource with articles and videos) https://www.readingrockets.org/

4. "The Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity" website (online resource with articles, videos, and webinars specific to dyslexia and reading instruction) https://www.dyslexia.yale.edu/dyslexia/what-is-dyslexia/

5.“Tools for Supporting Students with Reading Disabilities” by Edutopia (Video) https://www.edutopia.org/article/tools-supporting-students-reading-disabilities

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Resource 1: "Reading Rockets" Website

Reading Rockets is a website that offers a wide range of information, strategies, and tips for parents to support their children's literacy development at home. The website provides articles, videos, and activities designed to help parents understand the components of reading, including phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. It also offers resources for parents of children with diverse learning needs, such as those with communication challenges, cultural differences, or unique family or housing dynamics.

Resource 2: Storytelling Across Generations Program

This program aims to bridge intergenerational gaps and promote family literacy by encouraging storytelling and reading within diverse family and cultural contexts. It provides a platform for families to share stories, traditions, and cultural experiences through oral storytelling and reading activities. The program acknowledges and celebrates the diversity of family dynamics and cultural backgrounds, offering resources and guidance specifically tailored to support learners in home environments where communication, cultural, or family/housing dynamics may present challenges.

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Defining and explaining reading comprehension.

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One developmentally appropriate activity that supports reading comprehension is picture walks. A picture walk activity is usually done before reading a new book. This activity would accommodate student's developmental needs by providing a visual and interactive approach to developing comprehension skills. This picture walk activity accommodates kindergarteners' developmental needs by providing a visual and interactive approach to developing comprehension skills. The picture walk activity can also be adapted to offer different levels of support for children at various developmental levels. For struggling learners, the teacher can provide additional guidance and prompts to help them interpret the illustrations and make predictions about the story. For more advanced learners, the activity can be extended to include more complex discussions about the characters, setting, and plot based on the visual cues in the book. Overall, picture walks provide a flexible and inclusive approach to comprehension development, catering to the varying needs of kindergarteners as they build their understanding of stories and texts.