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The Celts, originating from Central Europe, began settling in Britain around 600 BCE. They brought with them advanced iron-working skills, a rich culture, and a polytheistic religion led by druids. Their society was organized into tribes, each led by a chief.

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55-54 BCE: Julius Caesar's Expeditions to Britain

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55-54 BCE: Julius Caesar's Expeditions to Britain

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Roman general Julius Caesar led two expeditions to Britain in 55 and 54 BCE. While these were more exploratory than conquering missions, they marked the first documented Roman contact with the island and laid the groundwork for future invasions.

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Emperor Claudius launched a full-scale invasion of Britain in 43 CE, beginning the Roman occupation that would last nearly 400 years. The Romans brought new technologies, infrastructure, and cultural practices that significantly influenced British society.

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Boudicca, queen of the Iceni tribe, led a major uprising against Roman rule in 61 CE. Her forces destroyed several Roman settlements, including Londinium (London), before being defeated. This rebellion highlighted the tension between native Britons and Roman occupiers.

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By 410 CE, the Roman Empire was in decline and withdrew its military from Britain. This left a power vacuum and marked the end of Roman Britain, paving the way for the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

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Around 449 CE, Germanic tribes including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began invading and settling in Britain. These Anglo-Saxons gradually established several kingdoms across England, bringing their language (Old English) and culture.

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597 CE: Augustine's Mission to Christianize England

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597 CE: Augustine's Mission to Christianize England

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In 597 CE, Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Augustine established his base in Canterbury and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, marking the beginning of the organized Christian church in England.

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The Viking Age in England began with a raid on Lindisfarne monastery in 793 CE. These Norse warriors from Scandinavia would continue to raid, trade, and eventually settle in parts of England over the next two centuries.

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1066 CE: Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest

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1066 CE: Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest

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On October 14, 1066, William of Normandy defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. This Norman victory marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon era and the beginning of Norman rule in England, profoundly changing English society, language, and culture.