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How does effective goal setting affect future orientation and motivation for high school athletes in Colorado?

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-The proposed findings of this research could hold value for athletes because it could lead to more effective goals being set which could ultimately lead to a more successful future. Many athletes seem to set very high and unrealistic goals which leads to working extensively which then leads to burnout amongst athletes. On the other hand athletes with no goals see no progress for themself which could also lead to disappointment and then lead to burnout. There needs to be a deep understanding of how goal setting works and how it affects athletes so they can reach their goals to become better athletes.

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-Motivation

-what type of motivation, what it will look like in this research

-Future Orientation

-what is it? what does this look like for athletes?

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-Motivation

-Future Orientation

-Athletes in Colorado

-Sports

-Goal Setting

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Achievement motivation, sports related future orientation, and sporting career. 

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Achievement motivation, sports related future orientation, and sporting career. 

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Halvari, H., & Thomassen, T. O. (1997). Achievement motivation, sports-related future orientation, and sporting career. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 123(3), 343.

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A Motivational Approach to Self: Integration in Personality

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A Motivational Approach to Self: Integration in Personality

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Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol. 38: Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

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Perception of goal proximity, latency and duration of action plans, and worry in relation to goal distance in time and personality characteristics

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Perception of goal proximity, latency and duration of action plans, and worry in relation to goal distance in time and personality characteristics

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Perception of goal proximity, latency and duration of action plans, and worry in relation to goal distance in time and personality characteristics - PubMed

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128 male high school students were tested for achievement motives, future-time orientation and perceived intrinsic instrumentality, and answered several questions related to future goals or tests at different distances in time. Success-oriented individuals and individuals with high future-time orien …

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The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies on the Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Affect in Sport 

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The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies on the Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Affect in Sport 

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Ntoumanis, N., Biddle, S. J. H., & Haddock, G. (1999). The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies on the Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Affect in Sport. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 12(3), 299. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/10615809908250480

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Motivation in Physical Activity Contexts: The Relationship of Perceived Motivational Climate to Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Efficacy

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Motivation in Physical Activity Contexts: The Relationship of Perceived Motivational Climate to Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Efficacy

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(paper copy)

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Self-determination theory and the darker side of athletic experience: The role of interpersonal control and need thwarting

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Self-determination theory and the darker side of athletic experience: The role of interpersonal control and need thwarting

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Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and the darker side of athletic experience: The role of interpersonal control and need thwarting. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 7(2), 23–27. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2011.7.2.23

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Relationships between present/future orientation and life satisfaction over two decades

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Relationships between present/future orientation and life satisfaction over two decades

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Relationships between present/future orientation and life satisfaction over two decades. (2022). Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 744–754. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/casp.2589

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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

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Cognitive Evaluation Theory (ryan and deci)

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Cognitive Evaluation Theory (ryan and deci)

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Uncover the power of Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) in understanding intrinsic motivation. Explore its impact on behavior and self-determination.

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Goal Setting in Sport and Exercise: Research and Practical Applications 

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Goal Setting in Sport and Exercise: Research and Practical Applications 

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Weinberg, R. S. (2013). Goal Setting in Sport and Exercise: Research and Practical Applications. Revista Da Educação Física/UEM, 24(2), 171–179.

(paper copy)

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 Effects of Short-Term Goal Setting on Enjoyment and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion during a Rowing Task. 

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 Effects of Short-Term Goal Setting on Enjoyment and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion during a Rowing Task. 

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Log In | Jefferson County Public Library | BiblioCommons

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Explore Jefferson County Public Library. New titles, recently rated, and recently tagged by the library community.

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Self Determination Theory (ryan and deci)

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Self Determination Theory (ryan and deci)

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Overview

People are centrally concerned with motivation - how to move themselves or others to act. Everywhere, parents, teachers, coaches, and managers struggle with how to motivate those that they mentor, and individuals struggle to find energy, mobilize effort and persist at the tasks of life and work. People are often moved by external factors such as reward systems, grades, evaluations, or the opinions they fear others might have of them. Yet, just as frequently, people are motivated from within, by interests, curiosity, care or abiding values. These intrinsic motivations are not necessarily externally rewarded or supported, but nonetheless they can sustain passions, creativity, and sustained efforts. The interplay between the extrinsic forces acting on persons and the intrinsic motives and needs inherent in human nature is the territory of Self-Determination Theory.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) represents a broad framework for the study of human motivation and personality. SDT articulates a meta-theory for framing motivational studies, a formal theory that defines intrinsic and varied extrinsic sources of motivation, and a description of the respective roles of intrinsic and types of extrinsic motivation in cognitive and social development and in individual differences. Perhaps more importantly, SDT propositions also focus on how social and cultural factors facilitate or undermine people's sense of volition and initiative, in addition to their well-being and the quality of their performance. Conditions supporting the individual's experience of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are argued to foster the most volitional and high quality forms of motivation and engagement for activities, including enhanced performance, persistence, and creativity. In addition, SDT proposes that the degree to which any of these three psychological needs is unsupported or thwarted within a social context will have a robust detrimental impact on wellness in that setting.

The dynamics of psychological need support and need thwarting have been studied within families, classrooms, teams, organizations, clinics, and cultures using specific propositions detailed within SDT. The SDT framework thus has both broad and behavior-specific implications for understanding practices and structures that enhance versus diminish need satisfaction and the full functioning that follows from it. These many implications are best revealed by the varied papers listed on this website, which range from basic research on motivational micro-processes to applied clinical trials aiming at population outcomes.

Meta-Theory: The Organismic Viewpoint

SDT is an organismic dialectical approach. It begins with the assumption that people are active organisms, with evolved tendencies toward growing, mastering ambient challenges, and integrating new experiences into a coherent sense of self. These natural developmental tendencies do not, however, operate automatically, but instead require ongoing social nutriments and supports. That is, the social context can either support or thwart the natural tendencies toward active engagement and psychological growth, or it can catalyze lack of integration, defense, and fulfillment of need-substitutes. Thus, it is the dialectic between the active organism and the social context that is the basis for SDT's predictions about behavior, experience, and development.

Within SDT, the nutriments for healthy development and functioning are specified using the concept of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To the extent that the needs are ongoingly satisfied, people will develop and function effectively and experience wellness, but to the extent that they are thwarted, people will more likely evidence ill-being and non-optimal functioning. The darker sides of human behavior and experience, such as certain types of psychopathology, prejudice, and aggression are understood in terms of reactions to basic needs having been thwarted, either developmentally or proximally.

Formal Theory: SDT's Six Mini-Theories

Formally, SDT comprises six mini-theories, each of which was developed to explain a set of motivationally based phenomena that emerged from laboratory and field research. Each, therefore, addresses one facet of motivation or personality functioning.

1. Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) concerns intrinsic motivation, motivation that is based on the satisfactions of behaving "for its own sake." Prototypes of intrinsic motivation are children's exploration and play, but intrinsic motivation is a lifelong creative wellspring. CET specifically addresses the effects of social contexts on intrinsic motivation, or how factors such as rewards, interpersonal controls, and ego-involvements impact intrinsic motivation and interest. CET highlights the critical roles played by competence and autonomy supports in fostering intrinsic motivation, which is critical in education, arts, sport, and many other domains.

2. The second mini-theory, Organismic Integration Theory (OIT), addresses the topic of extrinsic motivation in its various forms, with their properties, determinants, and consequences. Broadly speaking, extrinsic motivation is behavior that is instrumental-that aims toward outcomes extrinsic to the behavior itself. Yet, there are distinct forms of instrumentality, which include external regulation, introjection, identification, and integration. These subtypes of extrinsic motivation are seen as falling along a continuum of internalization. The more internalized the extrinsic motivation, the more autonomous the person will be when enacting the behaviors. OIT is further concerned with social contexts that enhance or forestall internalization-that is, with what conduces toward people either resisting, partially adopting, or deeply internalizing values, goals, or belief systems. OIT particularly highlights supports for autonomy and relatedness as critical to internalization.

3. Causality Orientations Theory (COT), the third mini-theory, describes individual differences in people's tendencies to orient toward environments and regulate behavior in various ways. COT describes and assesses three types of causality orientations: the autonomy orientation in which persons act out of interest in and valuing of what is occurring; the control orientation in which the focus is on rewards, gains, and approval; and the impersonal or amotivated orientation characterized by anxiety concerning competence.

4. Fourth, Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT) elaborates the concept of evolved psychological needs and their relations to psychological health and well-being. BPNT argues that psychological well-being and optimal functioning is predicated on autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Therefore, contexts that support versus thwart these needs should invariantly impact wellness. The theory argues that all three needs are essential and that if any is thwarted there will be distinct functional costs. Because basic needs are universal aspects of functioning, BPNT looks at cross-developmental and cross-cultural settings for validation and refinements.

5. The fifth mini-theory, Goal Contents Theory (GCT), grows out of the distinctions between intrinsic and extrinsic goals and their impact on motivation and wellness. Goals are seen as differentially affording basic need satisfactions and are thus differentially associated with well-being. Extrinsic goals such as financial success, appearance, and popularity/fame have been specifically contrasted with intrinsic goals such as community, close relationships, and personal growth, with the former more likely associated with lower wellness and greater ill-being.

6. Relatedness, which has to do with the development and maintenance of close personal relationships such as best friends and romantic partners as well as belonging to groups, is one of the three basic psychological needs. Relationships Motivation Theory (RMT), the sixth mini-theory, is concerned with these and other relationships, and posits that some amount of such interactions is not only desirable for most people but is in fact essential for their adjustment and well-being because the relationships provide satisfaction of the need for relatedness. However, research shows that not only is the relatedness need satisfied in high-quality relationships, but the autonomy need and to a lesser degree the competence need are also satisfied. Indeed, the highest quality personal relationships are ones in which each partner supports the autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs of the other.

Other Topics of Interest

As SDT has expanded, both theoretical developments and empirical findings have led SDT researchers to examine a plethora of processes and phenomena integral to personality growth, effective functioning, and wellness. For example, SDT research has focused on the role of mindfulness as a foundation for autonomous regulation of behavior, leading to both refined measurement and theorizing about awareness. The study of facilitating conditions for intrinsic motivation led to a theory and measurement strategy regarding vitality, an indicator of both mental and physical wellness. Work on vitality also uncovered the remarkable positive impact of the experience of nature on well-being. Some research within SDT has more closely examined the forms personal passions can take, with individuals being obsessive or harmonious as a function of internalization processes. Cross-cultural tests of SDT have led to an increased understanding of how economic and cultural forms impact the invariant aspects of human nature. Research on wellness has also led to new theory and research on the assessment of well-being itself, including the distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic forms of living. Specific topics such as autonomy versus controlled motivation has led to greater understanding of internalized control such as ego-involvement and contingent self-esteem and of the differences between them and autonomous self-regulation. Indeed these few examples supply just a taste of how the generative framework of SDT has enhanced research on a variety of processes of interest to the field.

Applications

In addition to formal theory development, research has applied SDT in many domains including education, organizations, sport and physical activity, religion, health and medicine, parenting, virtual environments and media, close relationships, and psychotherapy. Across these domains research has looked at how controlling versus autonomy-supportive environments impact functioning and wellness, as well as performance and persistence. In addition, supports for relatedness and competence are seen as interactive with volitional supports in fostering engagement and value within specific settings, and within domains of activity. This body of applied research has led to considerable specification of techniques, including goal structures and ways of communicating that have proven effective at promoting maintained, volitional motivation.

The varied articles on this website demonstrate the many types of inquiry associated with the SDT framework, as well as its generative capacity with respect to practical issues in human organizations of all kinds. Relevant research reports and theoretical discussion are listed in the Publications section, organized by topic.

By focusing on the fundamental psychological tendencies toward intrinsic motivation and integration, SDT occupies a unique position in psychology, as it addresses not only the central questions of why people do what they do, but also the costs and benefits of various ways of socially regulating or promoting behavior. Overviews of the theory can be found in Ryan and Deci (2000) and in Deci and Ryan (1985, 2000), as well as numerous other articles and chapters identified here on our website.

References

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.

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People are centrally concerned with motivation - how to move themselves or others to act. Everywhere, parents, teachers, coaches, and managers struggle with how to motivate those that they mentor, and individuals struggle to find energy, mobilize effort and persist at the tasks of life and work.

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 The Effects of Goal Origin and Implementation Intentions on Goal Commitment, Effort, and Performance. Journal of Experimental Education

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 The Effects of Goal Origin and Implementation Intentions on Goal Commitment, Effort, and Performance. Journal of Experimental Education

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The Effects of Goal Origin and Implementation Intentions on Goal Commitment, Effort, and Performance.

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The Effects of Goal Origin and Implementation Intentions on Goal Commitment, Effort, and Performance.

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Locke's Goal Setting Theory of Motivation

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Locke's Goal Setting Theory of Motivation

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Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation

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Set actionable goals with Locke’s goal-setting theory and build a productive, confident team at your workplace.