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Culture is a system of people that have the same behavior (their way of life) and have the same ideas/beliefs about things.

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Symbols: Abstract representations of something that everyone within a culture agrees upon.

Beliefs: What a culture thinks to be true or right.

Values: (Usually) abstract things a culture deems as important.

Norms: Rules/expectations and behaviors that are "normal" to a particular group. Going against these norms puts you at risk of punishment.

Attitudes: Ideas and feelings a culture has (and sort of the way one reacts to something) about something, they stem from beliefs and values.

Rituals: A set of actions that are practiced within a culture, they represent belief systems and provide a sense of community/acceptance.

Materials/artifacts:

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I'm "wasian" so both of my cultures are distinctly different. My Filipino side has a different set of norms and values as opposed to my white side. In the Philippines, religion, community, and being family-oriented are some examples of important values within that country. In the US, value is put on monetary things and education, due to the strong influence of capitalism.

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Within a society, an individual is influenced by its environment, their culture essentially. As a result, they start to place certain values over others, influencing their actions. For example, when someone from the US chooses between a Monopoly bill as opposed to a USD bill, you can fairly assume which one they would choose based on what the US values. The person would probably choose to take the USD bill with them because they value its uses within society as opposed to the uses of the Monopoly bill. Now if that person were to try and buy something with a Monopoly bill, they would likely be given a dirty look (judgment) for not adhering to the US norm of buying things with USD bills.

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Personal troubles vs public issues:

Individualism:

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education systems

religious institutions such as Churches

(nuclear) families

governments

policies/laws

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familiarity within our day-to-day lives

social structure comes with norms and traditions that structure our lives. if you were to suddenly move to another country, these norms and traditions wouldn't fit as well, changing the structure of your life. this is why moving to a different country can feel disorienting or alienating since you're not aligned/familiar with the new set of norms and traditions.

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define: basically a socially constructed individual's identity

importance: connects us to other people or groups/systems

how?: establish relationships with people, establish membership in groups

influenced by: status (positions) and roles (expectations for each status

people know about the self based on what they see and infer things about what is associated with what they see

in social spaces we are who people think we are

ex: race, gender, etc

exist even when not actively interacting with someone

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significant: a specific person who reflects images/opinions of ourselves back to us

other: our perception of people in general, how they would view a situation (especially by their culture)

other: initial actions guided by how see think people would react to a situation based on the culture we're in...until we learn more about the people within the situation

why can the "other" be problematic? because we assume that everyone else shares the same assumptions about situations since it's cultural. (ex: we might think everyone else thinks the same thing about a certain group and should act a certain way based on those assumptions)

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Hello! Just so it's easier to digest:

I structure this Padlet by module, within each module, I reflect on what I learned, found interesting in that module, or write about a real-life connection I have regarding that module.

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definition: Erving Goffman explains - we create impressions of who we are like actors onstage

impression management: controlling how we think we look to others based on what we create with ourselves to achieve the following goal -->

goal: social acceptance, following the path of least resistance (when the "audience" is convinced)

dependent upon: time, place, and audience (the performance changes if these factors change)

sincere "performances" vs. cynical "performances"

sincere: performing as what we believe we are (subconscious and believe in it, natural)

cynical: performing/trying to appear a certain way on purpose (conscious and don't believe in it, unnatural)

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Every social situation is defined by a reality that exists only as people actively shape and support it.

you are always actively participating in society whether you intend to or not

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definition: basically we are who we think others think we are

elements: 1. someone imagines how they appear to others, 2. they imagine how others view them, 3. then they respond to how they think others view them

importance: could lead someone to internalize feelings about the others' reaction then change their behavior, it's also a process that leads us to developing ourselves

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the front: the part of the theater visible to the audience and includes the following:

1. the setting: location

2. the personal front: the characteristics of the performer

3. all of "the front" becomes institutionalized (people have expectations/standards about these characteristics and how they should appear) --> known as collective representation

the mask: who we believe ourselves to be and who we strive to be (based on social interaction)

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When I'm in a school setting, I act or "perform" differently than I would compared to a different setting such as at home. At school, my status is a student and my role to play is as follows: learn, study, repeat. At home, my status is the eldest child and daughter and my role to play is as follows: guide, help, obey (and other things of course but mainly those). I act differently because different settings have different paths of least resistance, so I have different ways of "winning over my audience".

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1. establish a question

2. review past literature/knowledge on it

3. hypothesize/define the problem

4. design research (how you will carry it out)

5. research (interviews, surveys, observations, unobstrusive measures)

6. analyze and interpret data/patterns

7. share/report findings

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considered a soft science because there are outliers and is not exact

sociology focuses on patterns, not individuals necessarily

data collected through interviews, surveys, observations, and unobtrusive measures

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two main types: qualitative data (numbers, objective, statistical, etc) and quantitative data (observations, interviews, personal involvement, etc)

surveys: questionnaires (usually simple, straightforward, limited number of options)

interviews: long conversations (usually in-depth, responses are used for interpretation and analysis)

observations: learning through your 5 senses basically

unobtrusive measures: no involvement to avoid any bias or skewed data

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ethnography: qualitative study through interviews, observations, or both (present with the participants of research), in-depth, not easy to generalize

population: the people who are the focus of the research

sampling: studying a group of people to represent the larger group they're a part of

random sampling: choosing participants for the sample at random so each member of the population has an equal/fair chance of being chosen

experiments: a research method in which variables are controlled however some factors can't be replicated in a lab but are usually easier to replicate

comparative research: research that compares findings about one society with the same findings from a different society

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inference: gaining enough knowledge about a group to make generalizations about a bigger version of that group that sociologists can't directly observe

replication: verifying theories by coming to the same conclusions as other sociologists (reproducing the same research results)

identifying uncertainty: specifying where sources of uncertainty come from for honest/valid data

reflexivity: a researcher's personal values/beliefs/judgments that may influence results/interpretation of data

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inumeracy: the inability to understand/reason with numbers

"any number is better than no number": a statistic doesn't need to be reasonable to catch people's attention/have them believe it

"numbers take on lives of their own": when people see a number more and more, the accuracy and origin is blurred and people believe it more

"big numbers are better than little numbers": the bigger the statistic, the more urgent it seems, so it gets more publicity

"definitions: better broad than narrow": the broader the definition, the bigger the statistic can actually be (encompasses more people)

"defending numbers by attacking critics": if someone criticizes a statistic (maybe saying the number is too high), they may come off as insensitive towards victims

"measures: better inclusive than exclusive": think about how many instances of the topic of the statistic go unreported...justifying the "inflated" number

"competing numbers are equally good": competing numbers cannot both be correct

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functionalism:

panopticon/cism:

deviance:

collective consciousness:

medicalization of deviance:

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Durkheim argues that crime is normal, it exists everywhere and is part of a healthy functioning society

functionalism: all parts/pieces of a society are like the organs/systems a organism and all work together to create a functioning thing

Durkheim's definition of crime: something that will offend collective feelings

Durkheim also argues that something will always offend others because we never agree on everything and think differently

crime is a social construction and differs across different cultures and time periods

crime's function: crime leads to conflict --> to communication --> to change/evolving in society

crime being useful:

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idea that some members of society are more fit/deserving of privileges than others

idea that there is a "perfect" version of something that is developing --> supporters of this said that some societies are less developed/evolved --> issue: leads to white supremacist ideas and ableism

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feelings in a society that are "too strong"

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feelings in a society that are "too strong"

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Indeed today we can no longer dispute the fact that not only do law and
morality vary from one social type to another, but they even change within the
same type if the conditions of collective existence are modified. Yet for these
transformations to be made possible, the collective sentiments at the basis of moral
ity should not prove unyielding to change, and consequently should be only mod
erately intense. If they were too strong, they would no longer be malleable. Any
arrangement is indeed an obstacle to a new arrangement; this is even more the case the more deep-seated the original arrangement. The more strongly a structure is articulated, the more it resists modification; this is as true for functional as for anatomical patterns.

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definition: the process of creating medical solutions for deviant behaviors and conditions

deviant behaviors viewed as an individual choice and are seen as something that need to be "fixed"

treated as morally neutral and doesn't account for societal factors that cause it (but it's not actually morally neutral)

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medicalization of deviance is a form of social control to make people "normal" and to conform

however, some people with actual illnesses seek support and medication where they act as consumers, but it still drives the process forward

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expectations that reinforce beliefs, norms, and values

examples:

women don't participate in violence

men don't wear makeup

wives serve their husbands

husbands are the "head" of the household

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gender: a regional and cultural set of societal norms and beliefs about females and males (gender roles are not fixed rules...some flexibility). since gender differs across different regions/cultures/periods, this makes it evident that gender is a social construct

sex: the biological makeup of someone like their genitalia (female, male, intersex, etc.)

sexuality: the gender/s someone is attracted to (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, etc.)

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gender roles are social constructs and drastically became more strict because of the Industrial Revolution (more men were the breadwinners, and more women had to bear children and raise them at home).

gender roles are learned, starting from childhood. parents often enforce gender roles/gender conformity onto their children mainly to avoid the following: putting their child in danger/bullying, judgment, and policing

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stems from insecurity and not feeling masculine enough (result from real life conditions not culture like video games/movies/etc)

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values anything masculine over feminine and rewards anyone who is masculine over feminine

we value masculinity not men

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the idea that all humans can be assigned female or male.

suggests that females and males are opposites

suggests that characteristics/behaviors associated with males are different than the characteristics/behaviors associated with females

this is reinforced by social norms and beliefs

people who don't fall under the gender binary are questioned, and judged, and are often seen as people who need to be "treated" or medically "fixed"

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conforming to your gender roles (gender assigned at birth usually) is due to a number of reasons:

people conform out of habit since childhood (usually unconscious)

people follow gender roles because it gives them a reward or a sense of pleasure

people conform because they're being watched and want to curate a certain image (others' views/presence easily influence and impact how people present themselves)

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when gender rules are broken, people often ask for an account. this can be in the form of subtle movements (like a suspecting eyebrow raise) or verbally. when someone is noticed to be breaking a gender rule, they are asked for an account (a justification as to why they're doing so). oftentimes these accounts reinforce gender rules, they usually don't outright oppose gender rules. however, they satisfy the suspecting person asking for an account.

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gender attribution is how we read other people's gender (assuming) based on traits that are associated with gender.

these associations are learned and are not objective.

gender attribution usually occurs under a binary system (attributing either male or female to a stranger).

relies on social skills and our own skills in presenting our own gender

attributing femininity to an individual requires something that marks femininity, otherwise that individual is "defaulted" as male --> may be a result of patriarchy

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My mom, a woman from a past generation, holds ideals that are traditional for each gender. One day, she decides to buy me new bedding without asking me about it first, probably wanting to surprise me. When I get home from school, I find that my bed is covered in pink, butterflies, and smiley faces. I ask her why she chose these patterns for my bed, regarding the rest of my room doesn't match it. She responds with, "you're a girl, you should like pink, not dark colors!."

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one's self identity regarding their gender is socially irrelevant. what is relevant in social interactions is how one presents themself, especially since social interactions don't always involve verbal communication.

individuals cannot escape from the gender binary, sure it may be confusing for people to identify their gender, but they will always be considered male-leaning or female-leaning (putting them in the binary boxes).

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extreme forms of traits associated with masculinity that include aggression, sexism, homophobia, domination, and violence

when people use this term, they usually refer to a spiritual illness that has infected today's men

coined during the mythopoetic men's movement of the 80s and 90s that promoted masculine spirituality, fought against feminized boys

characterized by common masculine ideals such as social respect, physical strength, and sexual potency --> these unattainable standards lead to insecure/anxious men who try to overcompensate for their "lack" of masculinity

issues with toxic masculinity: targeting the enemy and ignoring the cultural/real-life conditions that foster it. causes of male violence and other social problems have the same causes

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a term used to describe when people react to a challenge to the gender binary by frantically asserting its naturalness--involving genitals, not gender identity

problematic because it assumes that women are weak and need protection, and men are inherent rapists and generate fear/misunderstandings about trans people

open urinals vs private stalls are socially mandated, unlike both sexes using the same bathrooms in their homes and unlike in other countries such as France where their bathrooms aren't seperated by sex

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when women had more power in choosing partners

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when women had more power in choosing partners

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what I found interesting was that historically, men didn't always have the power to choose their partners nor fuel competition among women. it used to be the opposite, mainly in rural and privileged areas. this practice became known as "calling": women would decide which men would stay at their house for a little while and when (to see if they were good enough for the potential wife). around the Roaring Twenties, however, this took a dramatic turn -> the power went from women to men in the form of dating culture.

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makeup and its associations (Roaring Twenties)

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makeup and its associations (Roaring Twenties)

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I'm someone who enjoys wearing makeup daily for reasons that have to do with satisfying myself, not so much others. the origins of makeup were born from the Roaring Twenties and the rise of dating culture, which led to increasing competition for attractiveness (or being "sexy") among women. this makes it easy for people to associate makeup-wearers with traits like being boy-crazy, promiscuous, hungry for male validation, and other assumptions that have to do with pleasing others (especially men).

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often overlapped and confused with each other, race and ethnicity are two different terms that should be used properly...so, what's the difference?

race: a way to classify humans based on physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, facial features, etc. this classification is more surface level and is a social construct because it changes depending on region and time period. race also has no actual biological backing.

ethnicity: a way to classify humans based on their shared culture, language, history, etc. this classification touches the individual identities of each person and goes deep, not surface level like judging solely based on physical appearance.

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I'm a person who is often considered "wasian", a term meaning someone who is white and Asian.