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Saltatorial legs are specialized limbs adapted for jumping. They are characterized by elongated, muscular femurs and tibiae, with strong tendons that store and release energy for powerful leaps.

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Found in certain bees, like honeybees and bumblebees.

Refers to the hind legs that have a pollen basket (called a corbicula).

Function: Used for collecting and transporting pollen back to the hive.

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Elytra are the hard front wings of some insects . It is not used for flying. Instead, they act like a protective shell, covering the soft back wings and the body.

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Examples of insects with ambulatory legs:

Bugs (Hemiptera)

Leaf beetles (Coleoptera)

Cockroaches (Blattaria)

Blister beetles

Wasps

Ground-dwelling insects

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Tegmina are usually elongated, narrow, and have a leathery or parchment-like texture.

They extend over the abdomen when at rest and may overlap slightly. While they can assist in gliding or stabilizing flight in some species, their main function is to shield the functional, membranous hindwings underneath.

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Natatorial legs in insects are specialized hind legs adapted for swimming, allowing the insect to move efficiently through water.These legs are most commonly seen in aquatic insects that spend a significant amount of time swimming, such as beetles and true bugs.

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Raptorial legs are specialized forelegs adapted for grasping and holding prey. They are commonly found in predatory insects.

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Scopa legs are pollen collecting structures found on certain bees, especially solitary species. They have dense hairs on their legs or abdomen to help gather and carry pollen back to their nests.

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The primary function of saltatorial legs is to enable jumping and leaping. This adaptation allows these insects to escape predators, navigate their environment, and reach food or mates more effectively.

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Ambulatory legs in insects are specifically adapted for walking. They are similar in structure to cursorial (running) legs, with long, thin leg segments. Examples include true bugs (Hemiptera) and leaf beetles (Coleoptera).

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Purpose of the Scopa:

The scopa is used for collecting and transporting pollen.

Female bees use their scopae to gather pollen from flowers and carry it back to their nests as food for their larvae.

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Corbiculated legs are a specialized adaptation seen in certain bees, particularly in social species like honeybees, bumblebees, and stingless bees. These structures are found on the hind legs, specifically on the outer surface of the tibia, and are commonly referred to as pollen baskets or corbiculae.

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1. Protection:

Elytra act like a shield, covering the delicate hindwings and the side of the abdomen.

They protect the insect from physical damage, predators, and environmental elements (e.g., rain, dust, debris).

2.Flight Support :

While elytra themselves don’t flap for flight, they help by: providing stability in flight (acting like rudders or stabilizers).

3.Water Resistance:

The hardened surface of elytra helps some beetles survive in wet environments

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1. Grasshopper

2. Crickets

3. Flea

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•Raptorial legs are primarily used for hunting and prey capture.

•Once captured, raptorial legs strong grip can immobilize the prey and prevent it from escaping.

•Enables them to target a wider range of prey sizes and types

•The legs hold prey close to the mouthparts, helping the insect feed more efficiently, especially in species that pierce or chew

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(Ichneumonidae family)

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Grasshopper

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Crickets

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Wing coupling: connect the hindwings to the forewings to form a single wing surface.

Improved flight: This connection makes flight more efficient, stable, and controlled.

Flexibility: Wings can be uncoupled when not flying, easier movement or folding.

Better lift and thrust: Coupled wings generate more power

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uses :

1. Protection of Hind Wings & Abdomen

sheild the delicate hind wings

2. Camouflage & Defense

their texture and coloration helps blending into surroundings

3. Sound Production

tegmina are adapted to produce sound by rubbing together (a process called stridulation)

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cockroach

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grasshopper

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crickets

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mantis

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Winged reproductive ants

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stick bugs

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Family: Megachilidae

Scopa Location: Underside of the abdomen (not on the leg, but worth mentioning)

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Family: Andrenidae

Scopa Location: Hind legs

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Family: Halictidae

Scopa Location: Hind legs

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Scopa Location: Hind legs

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Family: Colletidae

Scopa Location: Hind legs

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•Water Boatmen

•Whirligig Beetles

•Giant Water Bugs

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Giant water bug

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Long limbs to cover more ground with each stride

Reduced weight at the distal end (e.g., fewer toes or smaller lower leg bones) for faster leg movement

Strong muscles located higher up the leg to reduce inertia

Specialized joints for stable and directed forward movement

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Water scorpion

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Flea

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The purpose of tegmina is primarily protection.

Example of main function, protection for delicate hindwings , camouflage and defense for color and texture, support in flight is for aerodynamic stability , sound production is for produce sounds (stridulation)

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• Fleas

• Lice

• Fairyflies

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Nodus

It’s a tiny joint on the front edge of an insect’s wing (like in a dragonfly).

It helps the wing bend slightly without breaking.

This makes flying smoother and more controlled.

Stigma (or Pterostigma)

It’s a small, thick, and often colored spot near the tip of the wing.

It acts like a balance weight.

This helps reduce shaking or wobbling when the insect flies fast.

It makes flying more stable and helps with sharp turns.

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1.Honeybee (Apis mellifera)

2.Bumblebee (Bombus spp.)

3.Paper wasp (Polistes spp.)

4.Hornet (Vespa spp.)

5.Yellowjacket (Vespula spp.)

6.Ants (Formicidae family) – Winged reproductive ants (alates) have hamuli.

7.Ichneumon wasps (Ichneumonidae family)

8.Sawflies (Symphyta suborder)

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Cursorial legs are specialized limbs adapted for running. Animals with cursorial legs are typically fast runners, and their limbs are built for speed and endurance.

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Praying mantis

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Fossorial (Digging) Adaptations in Insects

Fossorial insects are those whose morphology and behavior are specialized for digging, burrowing, and life underground. Primarily, they use modified forelegs to excavate soil or substrate, creating tunnels for feeding, shelter, or reproduction

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What is Nodus ?

The nodus is a small notch or joint found along the front edge of the wings in some insects, like dragonflies and damselflies. It acts like a hinge, allowing the wing to bend slightly while flying. This helps the insect fly smoothly and control its movements without damaging the wing.

What is Stigma ?

The stigma is a small, often dark or colored spot near the tip of the wing, usually on the front edge. It is thicker and heavier than the rest of the wing. Its job is to balance the wing and reduce vibrations during flight, making it easier for the insect to fly straight and turn quickly.

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Insects with nodus and stigma have specialized wings that are:

Flexible, but strong.

Balanced, for smooth flight.

Able to move separately, giving them amazing flying skills.

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Fossorial legs are adapted for digging. Legs typically live underground or burrow into soil, sand, or other substrates. These legs are usually:

• Strong and muscular for powerful movements

• Short and broad to provide leverage

• Equipped with claws or spade-like structures to break and move soil

Examples include:

• Moles: their front legs are rotated outward with large claws for shoveling earth.

• Mole crickets: have enlarged forelegs for digging in soil.

• Certain rodents like pocket gophers also have fossorial limbs.

So the primary purpose of fossorial legs is to help animals burrow, build tunnels, or search for underground food.

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• May serve as protective covers

• May help with balance or mating displays

• Adapted for crawling or burrowing lifestyles

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1. Locomotion in Water:

Natatorial legs allow insects to propel themselves through water with powerful, paddle-like strokes.

2. Hunting and Feeding:

Swimming ability helps predatory insects like water beetles and backswimmers chase and catch prey in aquatic habitats.

3. Escaping Predators:

Fast, agile swimming is critical for avoiding fish, birds, and other predators in the water.

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Definition

The hamuli are small hook-like structures found on the wings of certain insects, especially in Hymenoptera (like bees, wasps, and ants).

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Hazif

Aqil

Nadhirah

Description

Membranous wings are thin, transparent or semi-transparent wings that are usually delicate and flexible, supported by a network of visible veins. These wings resemble a stretched-out membrane, like plastic wrap or thin paper

1. Flight

Aerial structures like wings help animals such as birds and insects to fly. Flight allows them to escape predators, find food, migrate, and explore new areas.

2. Balance and Stability

Structures like tails or extended limbs help maintain balance during movement. For example, birds use tails for steering, while monkeys use them for balance when climbing.

3. Sensory Function

Some aerial structures act as sensory tools. Insects use antennae to detect smells and air changes, while certain feathers or hairs help animals sense touch or airflow

Example of insects

•moths

•butterflies

•wasps

•Bees

•ants

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DESCRIPTION

Micro-scale wings of insects are incredibly complex and efficient structures, often adapted for flight, stability, and maneuverability at small scales.

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Description

Halteres are modified hind wings that act as gyroscopic organs, aiding in balance and stability during flight. They are small, club-shaped structures, resembling drumsticks, that vibrate in the opposite direction of the wings to provide sensory information about body rotations

Purposes of Halteres:

1. Balance & Stability
Halteres act like biological gyroscopes, sensing body rotation and angular velocity. They detect Coriolis forces and help stabilize flight by sending signals to the nervous system.

2. Flight Control
They detect pitch, roll, and yaw, allowing flies to adjust their wing movements for sharp turns, hovering, and other precise maneuvers.

3. Sensory Feedback
Mechanoreceptors at the base provide real-time info on air pressure and body movement, enabling quick corrections to stay balanced.

4. Navigation Aid
Halteres help flies stay aware of their position in space, aiding in navigation through complex environments by linking sensory data to motor actions.

Example

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Group members:

Adam

Hariz

Wani

Definition

A hemelytron is one of the two forewings of a true bug (Hemiptera), characterized by a thickened, leathery basal portion and a thinner, membranous apex.

Hemelytra have a distinct split where the thickened base transitions into the membranous apex. This structure allows them to fold back under the body when the bug is not flying.

The hindwings are fully membranous and usually hidden under the hemelytra when at rest.

Locomotion in Other Media

Swimming: Aquatic beetles (Dytiscidae) have flattened hindwings or setae fringes acting like paddles.

• Gliding: Some arboreal ants and arboreal planthoppers spread their wings to glide between trees, slowing descent and steering through air currents

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Find the information related to your wing type.

The description of the wings

The purposes of the wings or modified wings

The example of insects that have the wings