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Troubled Teen Industry

The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for all Youth(Chapter: Adolescence and Inequity)

The Commercialization of Children's Mental Health in the Era of Globalization

Growing up is hard

Falling Behind and Feeling Bad: Unmet Expectations and Mental Health during the Transition to Adulthood

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"In the domain of education, teachers often have different expectations and standards for their students based on students’ race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, which show up when it comes to evaluating student achievement and behavior. When a teacher has lower expectations of an adolescent’s achievement based on the adolescent’s group identity, this has a harmful influence on actual achievement (Jussim and Harber, 2005)"(132)

#Educators don't do enough

#Change Teenage Expectations

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"In addition to expanding existing programs, implementing innovative new programs could cut child poverty rates further and improve the material circumstances of adolescents living in poverty (NASEM, 2019). For example, implementing a child allowance program—which would provide a monthly cash payment to families for each child under 18 in the household—has the potential to reduce child poverty in the United States by as much as 40 percent (NASEM, 2019)"(139).

#Reduce adolescent inequity

#Poverty impacts adolescent outcomes

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"While Whites and Latinx youth ages 10 to 24 have similar rates of mortality (roughly 57 per 100,000), their Black peers have mortality rates roughly 50 percent higher (85 per 100,000) (Table 4-1c). These disparities in mortality rates by race are mainly driven by disparities in homicide rates, which are 33 per 100,000 for Blacks compared with 2.5 for Whites and 12.2 for Latinx."(108)

#Racial inequity

#teenage_mortality

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"Institutions themselves often feature deplorable conditions and practices. One of the most traumatic components of incarceration in residential treatment is the use of escort services, namely burly individuals who parents hire to forcibly handcuff and drag their children out of bed in the middle of the night. “Pepper spray and mace are other tools often used to control and restrain detainees” (Teen Help, LLC). Many survivors who have been “escorted” to a residential program say they experience years of nightmares, flashbacks, emotional “numbing,” inability to concentrate, angry outbursts, difficulty sleeping or other symptoms” (ASTART). "

#Residential Programs do not help teens

#Teenage abuse

#used by coorporations

#Do any sources support this industry?

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"The restriction of basic rights and autonomy makes students unable to function as able-bodied individuals, and are thus completely dependent upon the staff who control their lives. Not only is the experience of physically residing in these institutions intolerable, the repercussions of being subjected to such treatment extend for years after incarceration. Post- Incarceration Syndrome (PICS) results from an extended length of institutionalization and includes four main symptoms: Institutionalized personality traits: learned helplessness, antisocial defenses PTSD, antisocial personality traits: developed as a coping response to institutional abuse Social- sensory deprivation syndrome: caused by prolonged solitary confinement and substance abuse disorders to manage or escape PICS symptoms. (Gorski)."

#Teen residential programs only hurt

#Coorporations only add to the problem

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"All of this has left many children in the West with an experience of childhood that is shaped by emotional insecurity and unhappiness, conflict, and competitiveness in a context where their (and their families) behavior is subject to a great deal of surveillance and insidious social control. Of course, such generalizations need qualifying as they are just that - generalizations arising from a particular interpretation of the current challenges facing children growing up in what psychologist Olive James called selfish capitalism [42]. We must remember that Western societies are not one homogenous mass but encompass large diversities of ethnicity, class, location, social capital, climate, and services to name but a few. While understanding the general may help to understand the particular, it is no substitute, as staying

the level of the general risks falling into unhelpful stereotypes."

#Mental illness doesn't have one solution

#Different cultures, different lives

#Selfishness in society

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"Primarily, entry into the program instates the shaming label of being a “troubled teen,” regardless of what specific problem is theoretically being treated. This blanket title serves to both amplify preexisting stigmas on disability and sexuality, and to create an entirely new category of subjugation and exclusion that conflates elective behaviors with inherent facets of identity and selfhood, ultimately moralizing and condemning things over which teenagers have no choice. The shame of being “unwanted by one’s parents” and implicitly by societally at large is often invoked as a mechanism of control. There’s no point in running away, kids are told, because no one would aid or assist a “troubled teenager:” thus, the program is implicitly the only place they can stay"

#Troubled teens are shamed

#Being different doesn't equal bad

#Corporations do not help

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"Whatever part of conditions such as ADHD are biological (all behavior ultimately derives from a biological substrate), how we construct meaning out of this is a cultural process. Similarly, Western child protection systems have many problematic aspects. They have developed in the context of protecting the individual child and

so usually involve removal of the child from dangerous/abusive situations. Little legislative attention has been given to strengthening social cohesion and reduce

inequality as an important avenue to improve child pr

Our lack of engagement with alternative perspectives from non- Western traditions reflect a rather hidden form of institutionalized racism (or more accurately institutionalized cultural hegemony) that has infected Western academic and political endeavours for several centuries. Not only does this present real danger to the traditions and knowledge bases in existence in the non-Western world, but it

means that populations of the Western world are being denied the opportunity to benefit from the positive effects that embracing non-Western knowledge, values,

practices may bring."

#Look to the east

#Children don't need all individualism

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"The challenge for both the theory and practice in child and adolescent mental health is daunting, but there will be rich pickings if it can be met. We must critically re-examine the narrow basis on which current theory and practice have developed. This will help not only other culture's children but also children in the West. Increased knowledge will also make it easier to engage with multiethnic communities (including cases similar to the one presented at the beginning of this paper) that have different faith traditions and cultural beliefs from the host society."

#Mental Health has solutions in the east

#Different cultures, different solutions

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"We have suggested that one reason for the particularly high rates of psychological distress among today’s young adults may be the inconsistency between expectations that youth feel that others have for them and the economic realities that preclude achievement of these expectations. This suggests a “cultural lag” (Ogburn 1922), a term that has long been used to describe situations in which daily experiences have shifted,

but the cultural narrative lags behind. In this case, while our cultural understanding of what it means to be an adult remains relatively fixed, the experiences of many young adults today do not match those markers."

#Expectations are in the past

#Adapt expectations to the modern day

#Cultural lag

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"These disorders can interfere with normal development, and they may render the affected young people unable to cope with age-appropriate tasks (schooling, vocational training, becoming independent). Thus, it is vitally important that mental disorders in adolescents should be diagnosed and treated in timely fashion by child and adolescent psychiatrists, psychologists, and/or psychotherapists. Sadly, the opposite is more often the case: The utilization of medical or psychological help by adolescents has been found to be inadequate (37)."

#Adolescents aren't helped enough

#Mental disorders need to be addressed

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"Adolescence is commonly divided into early, middle, and late adolescence, from age 11 to 14, 15 to 17, and 18 to 21, respectively. The basic neuroanatomical changes that occur in adolescence include a relative diminution of cerebral gray matter (probably due to synaptic pruning) and an increase of white matter. Adolescence can be said to end when brain development ends, around age 20 (3); in psychosocial terms, the end of adolescence is marked by the assumption of mature social responsibility in terms of work, partnerships, and parenthood."

#This is adolescence

#importance of adolescense

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"Girls who undergo puberty very early are also at especially high risk for conduct disorder (15), as well as for auto-aggressive acts such as suicide attempts (e15) and self-injurious behavior (e16). Aside from biological factors, these phenomena seem mainly attributable to an inability to cope with the high demands placed on the individual by her social environment.

In contrast, boys whose puberty begins late (pubertas tarda) have a higher risk of mental disorders (e15), as they can develop feelings of inadequacy and suffer from a lack of appreciation by their peers."

#difference in gender

#Social stresses

#importance of adolescnets

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"However, when others’ expectations are included

in the models, own expectations are no longer significant predictors of psychological distress, indicating the primacy of reflected appraisals. Falling behind others’ expectations consistently matters for psychological distress, as perceptions of societal, peer, and parental expectations are all associated with higher levels of depression."

#Societal expectations aren't helping

#Depression is from society

#Better expectations must be set

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"Poor mental health during this life stage can negatively

affect life course trajectories by reducing educational achievement, increasing substance abuse and violence, and harming reproductive and sexual health (Patel et al. 2007). For those young adults who feel overwhelmed by unattainable expectations, information about demographic shifts could reduce distress. For example, it could be useful to emphasize to distressed young adults that the increasing need for higher education coupled with crippling student loan debt affects the ability of many young people to leave home, achieve financial independence, and begin to form their own families, thus re-centering their perceptions of a “normal” progression to adulthood."

#Better transition to adulthood

#Adults help teens

#More research to better future