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born in Bombay

educated in England

journalist in India: collected materials for his later books:

- Departmental Ditties (poems)

- Plain Tales from the Hills (short stories)

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went to live to Vermont, US

in the US he wrote:

- The Jungle Book (1894-95): short stories for children

- Kim (1901): his only novel (story of an orphan travelling through India)

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1907 NOBEL PRIZE FOR LITERATURE

'defender of British Imperialism'

considered the master storyteller of his time

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JUNGLE BOOK --> movies, cartoons

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IF (1910) --> hard work + self-sacrifice (Victorian values)

language: simple and colloquial, natural talent with words

popular with soldiers and middle class

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If by Rudyard Kipling - Read by Sir Michael Caine

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'Duty of a superior civilisation to EDUCATE, CHRISTIANISE and IMPROVE inferior people, who didn't benefit from Western values'.

positive expression --> moral responsibility

colonisation = ACT OF CIVILISATION + ESCAPE SLAVERY + MORAL and SPIRITUAL GROWTH

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addressed to the US (President Theodor Roosevelt) for the annexation of Philippines.

IMPERIALISM = humanitarian mission --> to help less fortunate people

unfortunate people = racially inferior, irresponsible, unable to rule themselves, ungrateful

'white man's burden' = euphemism of IMPERIALISM

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REACTIONS TO KIPLING'S IDEA OF IMPERIALISM

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REACTIONS TO KIPLING'S IDEA OF IMPERIALISM

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“When the missionaries came to Africa, they had the Bible and we had the land. They said “let us close our eyes and pray.” When we opened them, we had the Bible, and they had the land.”

Nobel Peace Laureate Desmond Tutu of South Africa (1984)

THE BROWN MAN'S BURDEN (1899) by Henry Labouchère

THE BLACK MAN'S BURDEN (1899) by H.T. Johnson

THE POOR MAN'S BURDEN (1899) by George McNeill ...