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autoimmune disease

not caused by bacteria/viruses

immune response against nonpathogenic antigens = allergens

4 Types of allergic reactions (Type I-IV)

most common: Type I

immediate allergic reaction through IgE-antibodies

common types of allergies:

dust allergies (dust mites, mold)

pollen allergies (hay fever)

food allergies (peanut,milk)

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Type I hypersensitivity

hay fever:

caused by various types of pollen

birch pollen: main allergen Bet v 1

cross reactions with other allergens due to similar structure (apple/hazelnut)

milk allergy:

caused by beta-lactoglobulin (BLG)

not lactose intolerance - often gets mixed up

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Figure 1: Phases of an IgE-transmitted Type I hypersensitivity

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Allergen enters body

Antigene presenting cell (APC) absorbs allergen through phagocytosis

presents allergen to T-helper cell

T-helper cell activates B-cell

-> production of IgE-antibodies

Antibody binds to Allergen

-> binds to IgE receptor on mast cells

Mast cells produce Mediators (substances, that trigger inflammation) such as Histamines

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hay fever:

red, itchy and teary eyes

skin irritations

nasal itching/sneezing

shortness of breath/coughing

milk allergy:

stomach cramps/vomiting

difficulty breathing

dizziness/ faint feeling

anaphylactic shock

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depends on the type of allergy

state of the immune system

age

hay fever:

amount of pollen in the air

other forms of air pollution

smoking habits

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Immunotherapy

long term treatments

subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT)

sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)

Allergy medicine:

to reduce symptoms

Steroids

Antihistamines

Epinephrine shots

iron dependency

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Messerli institute:

University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna

Researchgroup for comparative medicine

research of similarities between allergies in animals and humans

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Takenori Inomata, et al.; (2022); "Individual characteristics and associated factors of hay fever: A largescale mHealth study using AllerSearch"; Allergology International; Vol. 71, Issue 3; p.325-334

(2020), "Allergens and Pollen", https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/allergen.htm [19.03.2024]

Lori M. King, Sylvia Davis; (2023); "Allergies: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment"; https://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergy-symptoms#1-2 [19.03.2024]

S. Jossé, „Kuhstallpille bei Allergie: Hilft Immunstärkung vom Bauernhof?“, https://www.mein-allergieportal.com/darmflora-mikrobiom/2005-immunstaerkung-vom-bauernhof-mit-derkuhstallpille-dem-mikrobiom-helfen.html [19.03.2024]

F. Roth-Walter, E. Jensen-Jarolim, C. Gómez-Casado et al., „Bet v 1 from Birch Pollen Is a Lipocalin-like Protein Acting as Allergen Only When Devoid of Iron by Promoting Th2 Lymphocytes“, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structural-comparison-of-Bet-v-1-with-humanLCN-2-a-structural-comparison-of-crystal_fig2_262072232 [18.03.2024]

vetmeduni Messerli Forschungsinstitut, https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/messerli-forschungsinstitut

Figure 1: Jeffrey K Actor; (2023) "Introductory Immunology", Academic Press; p. 123-131

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-well organized information blocks with the arrows

- very well researched, many sources

- fluent, well structured and dynamic free speech

Marlene and Loretta