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TEACHER: José Ignacio Machaen Barocio

TEAM 4
David Enrique Cruz Jiménez
Iván Zahid González Pulido
Felicita Hernández Pérez
Karla Alejandra Izquierdo Hernández
Erick José Roberto Pacas Molina
Moisés Pérez Martín

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1. Osteoporosis
2. Diabetes mellitus type 2
3. Alzheimer
4. Heart attack
5. C.O.P.D
6. Hypertension

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1. Ear ache
2. Sore throat
3. Chickenpox
4. Fever
5. Urinary infections
6. Diarrhea

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Osteoporosis  Causes the bones to become weaker and easily broker.

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Osteoporosis  Causes the bones to become weaker and easily broker.

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Felicita

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Signs and symptoms Fragility fracture, typically of the vertebrae, proximal femur, proximal humerus, or distal forearm. Other sites that are subject to fragility fractures include the pelvis, ribs, and proximal tibia.

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Signs and symptoms Fragility fracture, typically of the vertebrae, proximal femur, proximal humerus, or distal forearm. Other sites that are subject to fragility fractures include the pelvis, ribs, and proximal tibia.

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Felicita

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Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal disorder that is characterized by compromised bone strength and that predisposes to an increased risk for fracture.

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Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal disorder that is characterized by compromised bone strength and that predisposes to an increased risk for fracture.

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Felicita

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diagnostics of osteoporosis is commonly made by radiographs of the involved site. Radiologic findings also may identify the presence of osteoporosis, serendipitously when obtained for other reasons in asymptomatic patients with osteoporosis.

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diagnostics of osteoporosis is commonly made by radiographs of the involved site. Radiologic findings also may identify the presence of osteoporosis, serendipitously when obtained for other reasons in asymptomatic patients with osteoporosis.

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Felicita

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  Dianostics Radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans often identify such fractures 

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  Dianostics Radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans often identify such fractures 

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Felicita

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 Treatment  We can assess fracture risk via the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX). The FRAX is an assessment model available online that calculates the 10-year risk of hip fracture and combined risk of other osteoporotic fracture, based on BMD from the patient's DEXA scan and other readily available clinical data.

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 Treatment  We can assess fracture risk via the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX). The FRAX is an assessment model available online that calculates the 10-year risk of hip fracture and combined risk of other osteoporotic fracture, based on BMD from the patient's DEXA scan and other readily available clinical data.

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Felicita

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Age and menopause are the greatest risk factors for osteoporosis. Other risk factors include alcohol use, smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, low body mass index (BMI), hypogonadism, and family history of osteoporosis and/or fragility fractures.

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Age and menopause are the greatest risk factors for osteoporosis. Other risk factors include alcohol use, smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, low body mass index (BMI), hypogonadism, and family history of osteoporosis and/or fragility fractures.

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FACTOS RISK-

Felicita

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DEFINITION
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.

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CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes and is characterized by disorders of insulin action and insulin secretion, either of which may be the predominant feature.

Both are usually present at the time that this form of diabetes is clinically manifest. By definition, the specific reasons for the development of these abnormalities are not yet known.

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DIAGNOSIS
The clinical diagnosis of diabetes is often prompted by symptoms such as increased thirst and urine volume, recurrent infections, unexplained weight loss and, in severe cases, drowsiness and coma; high levels of glycosuria are usually present.

level is 6.1 mmol ' (110 mg d/') and above, from the former 6.7 mmol l' (120 mg d/ ').

The new fasting criterion is chosen to represent a value which is at the upper end of the range that corresponds in diagnostic significance in many persons to that of the 2-h post-load concentration, which is not changed.

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SYMTOMS
Diabetes mellitus may present with characteristic symptoms such as thirs
polyuria
blurring of vision and weight loss
In its most severe forms,

ketoacidosis or a non-ketotic

hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death.

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PREVALENCE IN…..
WHY ITS COMMON WITHIN THIS GROUP OF PEOPLE?

* those of 100 to 125 mg/dl indicate that you have prediabetes and those of 126 mg/dl or greater indicate that you have diabetes.
*Overweight

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TREATMENT
Management of type 2 diabetes includes:

Healthy eating.

Regular exercise.

Weight loss.

Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy.

Blood sugar monitoring.

MEDICATIONS

* Metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others)
* Sulfonylureas
* Glinides
* Thiazolidinediones
* DPP-4 inhibitors
* GLP-1 receptor agonists
* SGLT2 inhibitors
* Insulin therapy

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WAYS TO MÁNAGER OR PREVENT
A healthy dite
Regular physical activity
Maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco.

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Causes

Abnormal deposits of a protein called amyloid-beta form around brain cells.

These plaques damage and destroy brain cells.

Brain cells require a protein called tau for normal structure and function.

In Alzheimer’s, tau protein threads twist into abnormal tangles within brain cells, leading to cell death.

Symptoms

Early signs include memory loss, repeating questions, and difficulty with new experiences.

As the disease progresses, confusion, behavioral changes, and impaired speech become more pronounced.

Factors

Age: Advanced age is a significant risk factor.

Genetics: A family history of Alzheimer’s increases the risk.

APOE ε4: A specific gene variant associated with higher risk.

Head Injuries: Past head trauma may contribute.

Lifestyle Factors: Cardiovascular health, exercise, social engagement, and stress management play a role.

Prevalence
60-70%
6.7 millons people have alzheimer
In 2020 there were more than 55 millions people

Diagnostic

A thorough medical evaluation, including physical and neurological exams, helps diagnose Alzheimer’s.

Tests like CT scans, MRIs, EEGs, and PET scans provide detailed brain information.

Treatment

Medications (such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) can manage symptoms.

Lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, exercise, and social engagement, are crucial

Prevent

Increased Physical Activity

Blood Pressure Management

Cognitive Trainin

Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Impact

Risk of Physical Health Issues

Diminished Emotional Well-Being

Financial Costs and Unpaid Care

Changes in Daily Life

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Prevalence:

Heart attack prevalence is higher in older adults, especially in those with risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or obesity. This group is more prone to heart attacks due to the aging process and accumulation of risk factors over time.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis is done through tests such as an electrocardiogram, blood tests, and imaging tests.

Treatment:

Treatment options may include medication, procedures to open blocked arteries, or coronary bypass surgery.

Ways to manage or prevent:

Managing and preventing a heart attack may include maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.

Impact on the individual and their family:

A heart attack can have a significant impact on the individual's life, from lifestyle changes to emotional and financial issues.

Families may also be affected by the worry and stress related to the affected loved one's health.

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Causes:

Causes of heart attack may include accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries, blood clots, and arterial spasms.

Symptoms:

Common symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and unusual weakness.

Risk factors:

Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, and lack of physical activity.

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Causes

Sore throat can be caused by viral infections (like the common cold or flu), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), allergies, environmental irritants, and dry air.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a sore throat can vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms might include:

Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat

Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking

Difficulty swallowing

Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw

Swollen, red tonsils

White patches or pus on your tonsils

A hoarse or muffled voice

Infections causing a sore throat might result in other signs and symptoms, including:

Fever

Cough

Runny nose

Sneezing

Body aches

Headache

Nausea or vomiting

Risk factors

Risk factors for developing a sore throat include

exposure to viruses or bacteria, smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, allergies, and dry air.

Prevalence

Sore throat is a common condition worldwide, affecting people of all ages.

Why is it common within this group of people?

Sore throats are common in individuals with weakened immune systems, those exposed to crowded environments (like schools or workplaces), and those who smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms, medical history, and sometimes throat swabs for bacterial cultures.

Treatment options: Treatment for sore throat depends on the cause. It may include rest, hydration, over-the-counter pain relievers, throat lozenges, and in cases of bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed.

Ways to manage or prevent

Ways to manage or prevent sore throat include practicing good hygiene (like washing hands regularly), avoiding close contact with sick individuals, staying hydrated, and quitting smoking.

How the illness impacts the people's lives and their families?

Sore throat can impact daily activities such as eating, drinking, and talking, and can cause discomfort and inconvenience for individuals and their families. In severe cases or when complications arise, sore throat can lead to missed work or school and require medical attention.

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Symptoms associated

Belly cramps or pain.

Bloating.

Nausea.

Vomiting.

Fever.

Blood in the stool.

Mucus in the stool.

Urgent need to have a bowel movement

Causes

Viruses

Bacteria and parasites

Medicines

Lactose intolerance.

Fructose

Artificial sweeteners

Surgery

Other digestive disorders

Prevetiot

Wash frequently.

Lather with soap for at least 20 seconds.

Use hand sanitizer when washing isn't possible

Indications of dehydration in infants and young children

Not having a wet diaper in three or more hours.

Dry mouth and tongue.

Fever above 102 F (39 C).

Crying without tears.

Drowsiness, unresponsiveness or irritability.

Sunken appearance to the belly, eyes or cheeks

Treatment

Most cases of acute diarrhea clear on their own within a couple of days without treatment

Antibiotics

anti-parasitic medicines

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Causes

In most cases, it's not clear exactly what causes high blood pressure. But there are things that can increase your risk.

Symtoms

Most people with hypertension don’t feel any symptoms. Very high blood pressures can cause headaches, blurred vision, chest pain and other symptoms, por example:

severe headaches

dizziness

difficulty breathing

nausea

vomiting

anxiety

confusion

buzzing in the ears

nosebleeds

abnormal heart rhythm

Risk factors

Modifiable risk factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.

Prevalence

An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries.

An estimated 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition.

Why is it common within adults?

because Older age and genetics can increase the risk of having high blood pressure, but modifiable risk factors such as eating high-salt diet, not being physically active and drinking too much alcohol can also increase the risk of hypertension.

Diagnosis

You may be diagnosed with high blood pressure based on your medical history and if your blood pressure readings are consistently at high levels. You may also need more tests to look for medical conditions that could cause high blood pressure or to see if high blood pressure has affected your kidneys.

Treatment options

-Lifestyle changes can help lower high blood pressure. These include:

eating a healthy, low-salt diet

losing weight

being physically active

quitting tobacco.

-There are several common blood pressure medicines:

ACE inhibitors including enalapril and lisinopril relax blood vessels and prevent kidney damage.

Angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs) including losartan and telmisartan relax blood vessels and prevent kidney damage.

Calcium channel blockers including amlodipine and felodipine relax blood vessels.

Diuretics including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone eliminate extra water from the body, lowering blood pressure.

Ways to manage or prevent

Lifestyle changes can help lower high blood pressure and can help anyone with hypertension. Many who make these changes will still need to take medicine.

These lifestyle changes can help prevent and lower high blood pressure.

Do:

Eat more vegetables and fruits.

Sit less.

Be more physically active, which can include walking, running, swimming, dancing or activities that build strength, like lifting weights.

Get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous aerobic activity.

Do strength building exercises 2 or more days each week.

Lose weight if you’re overweight or obese.

Take medicines as prescribed by your health care professional.

Keep appointments with your health care professional.

Don’t:

eat too much salty food (try to stay under 2 grams per day)

eat foods high in saturated or trans fats

smoke or use tobacco

drink too much alcohol (1 drink daily max for women, 2 for men)

miss or share medication.

How the illnes impacts the people´s lives and their families?

1. Health complications: Hypertension can cause heart disease, strokes, kidney disease, and vision problems.

2. Financial burden: The medical costs associated with treating hypertension can be significant, impacting both the individual and their family financially.

3. Emotional impact: Hypertension can cause stress, anxiety, and depression for both the individual and their family.

4. Lifestyle changes: Managing hypertension often requires significant changes in diet, exercise, and other lifestyle habits.

5. Limitations in daily activities: Hypertension can limit the individual's ability to participate in certain activities, requiring assistance from family members.

6. Family dynamics: The presence of hypertension can alter family dynamics and affect relationships between family members.

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A urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is a fairly common condition. when bacteria aren’t expelled out of the urethra, they may grow within the urinary tract. This causes an infection.

Karla Izquierdo

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UTIs are most commonly caused by bacteria, which may enter the urinary tract from the skin around the anus or vagina. The most common cause of UTIs is E. coli, which originates in the intestines. Most UTIs are caused when this type of bacteria or other bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra.

Karla Izquierdo

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Can vary depending on the degree of infection and your child's age.

They may incluide:

1. Fever

2. Poor appetite

3. vomiting

4. Diarrhea

5. irritability

6. overal feeling of illness

karla Izquierdo

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Urinalysis. Urine is tested with a special test strip to look for signs of infection such as blood and white blood cells.

Urine culture. This laboratory test usually takes 24 to 48 hours. The sample is analyzed to identify the type of bacteria causing the UTI, how much of it exists, and appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Karla Izquierdi

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Examen General de Orina (EGO) (Balbuena) (220×220)

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The type of bacteria causing your child’s UTI and the severity of your child’s infection will determine the type of antibiotic used and the length of treatment.

The most common antibiotics used for treatment of UTIs in children are:

amoxicillin

amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

cephalosporins

doxycycline, but only in children over age 8

nitrofurantoin

sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Karla Izquierdo

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UTI Prevention

1. Avoid tight-fitting clothing and underwear for your child, especially girls.

2. Ensure that your child drinks enough fluids.

3. Avoid allowing your child to have caffeine, which can cause bladder irritation.

4. Change diapers frequently in younger children.

5. Teach older children proper hygiene for maintaining a clean genital area.

6. Encourage your child to use the bathroom frequently rather than holding in urine.

7. Teach your child safe wiping techniques, especially after bowel movements. Wiping from front to back reduces the likelihood that bacteria from the anus will get transferred into the urethra.

Karla Izquierdo

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UTIs, occur more often in girls, specially when toilet training begins.

Girls are more susceptible because their urethras are shorter and closer to the anus, uncircumecised boys under 1 year old also have a slightly higher risk of UTIs.

The following factors can put your child at a higher risk for a UTI:

A structural deformity or blockage in one of the organs of the urinary tract

Abnormal function of the urinary tract

Vesicoureteral reflux, a birth defect that results in the abnormal backward flow of urine

The use of bubbles in baths (for girls)

Tight-fitting clothes (for girls)

Wiping from back to front after a bowel movement

Poor toilet and hygiene habits

Infrequent urination or delaying urination for long periods of time

Frequency of UTIs in children

By the age of 6 years, 3-7% of girls and 1-2% of boys have had a urinary tract infection. The age peak of urinary tract infection is bimodal, with one peak in infancy and the other between 2 and 4 years (at the time of sphincter control training for many children)

How does the disease affect the lives of children and their families?

If the kidney is repeatedly infected and reflux is severe, 5-20% of children develop nephrosclerosis. If there is little or no reflux, few children will develop nephrosclerosis.

Family members should be alert to the signs and symptoms of their children and take great care of their development to avoid serious problems.

Karla Izquierdo

https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children#complications

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Overview of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children

A urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is a fairly common condition. Bacteria that enter the urethra are usually flushed out through urination. However, when bacteria aren't expelled out of the urethra, they may grow within the urinary tract. This causes an infection.

The urinary tract consists of the parts of the body that are involved in urine production. They are:

two kidneys that filter your blood and extra water to produce urine

two ureters, or tubes, that take urine to your bladder from your kidneys

a bladder that stores your urine until it's removed from your body

a urethra, or tube, that empties urine from your bladder to outside your body

Your child can develop a UTI when bacteria enter the urinary tract and travel up the urethra and into the body. The two types of UTIs most likely to affect children are bladder infections and kidney infections.

When a UTI affects the bladder, it's called cystitis. When the infection travels from the bladder to the kidneys, it's called pyelonephritis. Both can be successfully treated with antibiotics, but a kidney infection can lead to more serious health complications if left untreated.

UTIs are most commonly caused by bacteria, which may enter the urinary tract from the skin around the anus or vagina. The most common cause of UTIs is E. coli, which originates in the intestines. Most UTIs are caused when this type of bacteria or other bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra.

UTIs occur more often in girls, especially when toilet training begins. Girls are more susceptible because their urethras are shorter and closer to the anus. This makes it easier for bacteria to enter the urethra. Uncircumcised boys under 1 year old also have a slightly higher risk of UTIs.

The urethra doesn't normally harbor bacteria. But certain circumstances can make it easier for bacteria to enter or remain in your child's urinary tract. The following factors can put your child at a higher risk for a UTI:

a structural deformity or blockage in one of the organs of the urinary tract

abnormal function of the urinary tract

vesicoureteral reflux, a birth defect that results in the abnormal backward flow of urine

the use of bubbles in baths (for girls)

tight-fitting clothes (for girls)

wiping from back to front after a bowel movement

poor toilet and hygiene habits

infrequent urination or delaying urination for long periods of time

Symptoms of a UTI can vary depending on the degree of infection and your child's age. Infants and very young children may not experience any symptoms. When they do occur in younger children, symptoms can be very general. They may include:

Additional symptoms vary depending on the part of the urinary tract that's infected. If your child has a bladder infection, symptoms may include:

If the infection has traveled to the kidneys, the condition is more serious. Your child may experience more intense symptoms, such as:

The initial signs of a UTI in children can be easily overlooked. Younger children may have a difficult time describing the source of their distress. If your child looks sick and has a high fever without a runny nose, earache, or other obvious reasons for illness, consult their doctor to determine if your child has a UTI.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of a UTI in your child can prevent serious, long-term medical complications. Untreated, a UTI can result in a kidney infection that may lead to more serious conditions, such as:

Contact their doctor immediately if your child has symptoms related to a UTI. A urine sample is required for their doctor to make an accurate diagnosis. The sample may be used for:

Urinalysis. Urine is tested with a special test strip to look for signs of infection such as blood and white blood cells. In addition, a microscope may be used to examine the sample for bacteria or pus.

Urine culture. This laboratory test usually takes 24 to 48 hours. The sample is analyzed to identify the type of bacteria causing the UTI, how much of it exists, and appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Collecting a clean urine sample can be a challenge for children who aren't toilet trained. A usable sample can't be obtained from a wet diaper. Your child's doctor may use one of the following techniques to get your child's urine sample:

Urine collection bag. A plastic bag is taped over your child's genitals to collect the urine.

Catheterized urine collection. A catheter is inserted into the tip of a boy's penis or into a girl's urethra and into the bladder to collect urine. This is the most accurate method.

Additional tests

Your physician may recommend additional diagnostic tests to determine whether the source of the UTI is caused by an abnormal urinary tract. If your child has a kidney infection, tests also may be required to look for kidney damage. The following imaging tests may be used:

A VCUG is an X-ray that's taken while your child's bladder is full. The doctor will inject a contrast dye into the bladder and then have your child urinate - typically through a catheter - to observe how the urine flows out of the body. This test can help detect any structural abnormalities that may be causing a UTI, and whether vesicoureteral reflux occurs.

A DMSA is a nuclear test in which pictures of the kidneys are taken after the intravenous (IV) injection of a radioactive material called an isotope.

The tests may be done while your child has the infection. Often, they're done weeks or months after treatment to determine if there's any damage from the infection.

Your child's UTI will require prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent kidney damage. The type of bacteria causing your child's UTI and the severity of your child's infection will determine the type of antibiotic used and the length of treatment.

The most common antibiotics used for treatment of UTIs in children are:

If your child has a UTI that's diagnosed as a simple bladder infection, it's likely that treatment will consist of oral antibiotics at home. However, more severe infections may require hospitalization and IV fluids or antibiotics.

Hospitalization may be necessary in cases where your child:

is younger than 6 months old

has a high fever that isn't improving

likely has a kidney infection, especially if the child is very ill or young

has a blood infection from the bacteria, as in sepsis

is dehydrated, vomiting, or unable to take oral medications for any other reason

Pain medication to alleviate severe discomfort during urination also may be prescribed.

If your child is receiving antibiotic treatment at home, you can help ensure a positive outcome by taking certain steps.

During your child's treatment, contact their doctor if symptoms worsen or persist for more than three days. Also call their doctor if your child has:

a fever higher than 101˚F (38.3˚C)

for infants, a new or persisting (lasting more than three days) fever higher than 100.4˚F (38˚C)

You should also seek medical advice if your child develops new symptoms, including:

With prompt diagnosis and treatment, you can expect your child to fully recover from a UTI. However, some children may require treatment for periods lasting from six months up to two years.

Long-term antibiotic treatment is more likely if your child receives a diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflex, or VUR. This birth defect results in the abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder up the ureters, moving urine toward the kidneys instead of out the urethra. This disorder should be suspected in young children with recurring UTIs or any infant with more than one UTI with fever.

Children with VUR have a higher risk of kidney infection due to the VUR. It creates an increased risk of kidney damage and, ultimately, kidney failure. Surgery is an option used in severe cases. Typically, children with mild or moderate VUR outgrow the condition. However, kidney damage or kidney failure may occur into adulthood.

You can help reduce the possibility of your child developing a UTI with some proven techniques.

If your child gets repeated UTIs, preventive antibiotics are sometimes advised. However, they haven't been found to decrease recurrence or other complications. Be sure to follow the instructions even if your child doesn't have symptoms of a UTI.

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Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Causes and Treatment

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common in children. Here's everything you need to know, including risk factors.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease. It comprises diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. A long-term cough is often the telltale symptom of COPD.

Causes

COPD isn’t usually hereditary; it’s caused by exposure to pollutants like cigarette smoke. But some people do inherit a protein deficiency that increases their risk of COPD.Emphysema is damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Chronic bronchitis is swelling and extra mucus in the airways

Symptoms

Chronic cough

Wheezing

Dyspnea

Frequent respiratory infections

Cardiovascular disease

Risk- factors

chemical fumes

dust

air pollution

The chemicals in cigarettes and other types of tobacco smoke irritate and damage the lungs.

Prevalene in patients

Seventy people were diagnosed with COPD (24 already known), giving a prevalence of 16.4% (95% confidence interval 12.9-19.9).

Diagostic

Spirometry test

Some of the key sounds of COPD include:

crackling (or clicking) when inhaling

rhonchi, a low-pitched wheezing sound

wheezing

whooping or a high-pitched gasping for air

Treatment

While there’s no known cure for COPD, certain treatments can help to relieve your symptoms and slow its progress.

COPD treatments include:

medication

oxygen therapy

pulmonary rehabilitation

healthy lifestyle changes

Prevention

The single best way to prevent COPD is to stop smoking. For some smokers, it can take 30 attempts to finally ditch the habit.

Cigarettes aren’t the only risks for COPD. Also try to avoid irritants in the air, like pollution and chemical fumes. If your job involves breathing in these irritants, ask your manager about wearing a mask or other protective gear.

Impact in patient and families

Depending on your FEV1 score, you receive one of the following stages or GOLD grades:

GOLD 1: FEV1 of 80% of predicted value.

GOLD 2: FEV1 50 to 79% of predicted value

GOLD 3: FEV1 30 to 49% of predicted value

GOLD 4: FEV1 less than 30% GOLD 4: FEV1 less than 30% of predicted value

Life expectancy:

Stage 1: 0.3 years

Stage 2: 2.2 years

Stage 3 or 4: 5.8 years

For ex-smokers, the decrease in life expectancy is as follows:

Stage 2: 1.4 years

Stage 3 or 4: 5.6 years

For never smokers, the decrease in life expectancy is as follows:

Stage 2: 0.7 years

Stage 3 or 4: 1.3 years

For ex-smokers and never smokers, the difference in life expectancy for people in stage 0 and stage 1 was statistically insignificant.

According to the degree of the disease, it has an impact on the psychology of both the patient and the attending family members.

Karla Izquierdo

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Causes:

Varicela zóster virus

Not being vaccinated

Low immunity

Symptoms:

Rash of small blisters that sting all over the body

Fever

Fatigue and general malaise

Headache

Loss of appetite

Chills

Stomach pain

Risk factors:

Not having been vaccinated against chickenpox

Be in close contact with an infected person

Not having had chickenpox in the past or not having been vaccinated against it

Living in a community with a high rate of chickenpox cases

Have a weakened immune system due to an illness or medical treatment

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Prevalence:

Chickenpox is a common disease in childhood, although it can also affect adults who have not previously been exposed to the virus.

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of chickenpox is usually based on the presence of the characteristic symptoms of the disease and the appearance of the skin lesions.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for chickenpox, but antiviral medications may be prescribed to reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention:

Vaccination is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Vaccination in childhood is recommended to protect children against the disease.

Impact on the lives of people and their families:

Families may experience complications when caring for children affected by the disease, especially if they have other work or family commitments.

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Defenition Fever  is an elevation of body temperature above the normal daily variation. 

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Defenition Fever  is an elevation of body temperature above the normal daily variation. 

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FEVER

Felicita

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FEVER An illness that could cause death or disability if there were a delay in diagnosis and treatment.

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FEVER An illness that could cause death or disability if there were a delay in diagnosis and treatment.

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Felicita

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Diagnostic Infants brought to the emergency department for evaluation are likely at greater risk for urinary tract infection, meningitis, or bacteremia

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Diagnostic Infants brought to the emergency department for evaluation are likely at greater risk for urinary tract infection, meningitis, or bacteremia

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Felicita

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Fever is inconsistently associated with tachycardia and

tachypnea. As a rough estimate, the heart rate may increase by 10 beats/min for each 0.55°C- (1°F-) rise in temperature.

headache pain

headache

crying eyes

flu

cough

dehydration

Felicita

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TREATMENT Give antipyretic paracetamol, ibuprofen andhydrateIn cases of severe infection give antibiotics amoxicillin, etc., whatever the doctor indicates.

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TREATMENT Give antipyretic paracetamol, ibuprofen andhydrateIn cases of severe infection give antibiotics amoxicillin, etc., whatever the doctor indicates.

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Felicita

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PREVENTION However, doctors and nurses go to extreme lengths to keep hospitals and operating rooms as free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi as possible. 

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PREVENTION However, doctors and nurses go to extreme lengths to keep hospitals and operating rooms as free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi as possible. 

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cold

temperatures

humidity

wind

air pollution

infection due to food ingestion.

Felicita

FEVER

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CAUSES
Kids might complain of ear pain or pull on an ear due to:

an ear infection (also called a middle ear infection)

fluid in the ear

swimmer’s ear

ear wax that is stuck

an object that was put in the ear and gets stuck

an injury to the ear canal

a tooth problem, like a cavity or teething

a sore throat

SYMPTOMS

Ear pain, especially when lying down.

Tugging or pulling at an ear.

Trouble sleeping.

Crying more than usual.

Fussiness.

Trouble hearing or responding to sounds.

Loss of balance.

Fever of 100 F (38 C) or higher.

RISK FACTORS

Age. Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more susceptible to ear infections because of the size and shape of their eustachian tubes and because their immune systems are still developing.

Group child care. Children cared for in group settings are more likely to get colds and ear infections than are children who stay home

PREVALENCE IN…(table)
WHY IS IT COMMON WITHIN THIS GROUP OF PEOPLE?
* easier to get ear infections due to age
DIAGNOSIS
Pneumatic otoscope
Tympanometry
Acoustic reflectometry.
Tympanocentesis
TREATMENT
Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen as needed to ease pain (check instructions carefully for the correct amount)

HOW THE ILLNESS IMPACT THE LIVES
without any complications if treated in time

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DIARRHEA
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment

ALZHEIMER
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc

Urinary
www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children

DM
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report

Handle an Earache
www.kidshealth.org/en/parents/earaches

Hypertension
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

Chickenpox
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-

Hearth attack
https:/medlineplus.gov/spanish/ency/article

Osteoporosis
www.clinicalkey.es/

EPOC
https://archbronconeumol.org/es-prevalencia-factores-riesgo-epoc-fumadores-articulo-resumen

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What is hypertension?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the body's arteries, the major blood vessels in the body. Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high.

Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.

Hypertension is diagnosed if, when it is measured on two different days, the systolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥140 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥90 mmHg.

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

Modifiable risk factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.

What are common symptoms of hypertension?

Hypertension is called a "silent killer". Most people with hypertension are unaware of the problem because it may have no warning signs or symptoms. For this reason, it is essential that blood pressure is measured regularly.

When symptoms do occur, they can include early morning headaches, nosebleeds, irregular heart rhythms, vision changes, and buzzing in the ears. Severe hypertension can cause fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, anxiety, chest pain, and muscle tremors.

The only way to detect hypertension is to have a health professional measure blood pressure. Having blood pressure measured is quick and painless. Although individuals can measure their own blood pressure using automated devices, an evaluation by a health professional is important for assessment of risk and associated conditions.

What are the complications of uncontrolled hypertension?

Among other complications, hypertension can cause serious damage to the heart. Excessive pressure can harden arteries, decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. This elevated pressure and reduced blood flow can cause:

Chest pain, also called angina.

Heart attack, which occurs when the blood supply to the heart is blocked and heart muscle cells die from lack of oxygen. The longer the blood flow is blocked, the greater the damage to the heart.

Heart failure, which occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to other vital body organs.

Irregular heart beat which can lead to a sudden death.

Hypertension can also burst or block arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, causing a stroke.
In addition, hypertension can cause kidney damage, leading to kidney failure.

Why is hypertension an important issue in low- and middle-income countries?

The prevalence of hypertension varies across regions and country income groups. The WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Region of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%).

The number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations.

How can the burden of hypertension be reduced?

Reducing hypertension prevents heart attack, stroke, and kidney damage, as well as other health problems.

Prevention

Reducing salt intake (to less than 5g daily).

Eating more fruit and vegetables.

Being physically active on a regular basis.

Avoiding use of tobacco.

Reducing alcohol consumption.

Limiting the intake of foods high in saturated fats.

Eliminating/reducing trans fats in diet.

Reducing and managing stress.

Regularly checking blood pressure.

Treating high blood pressure.

Managing other medical conditions.

What is the WHO response?

The World Health Organization (WHO) is supporting countries to reduce hypertension as a public health problem.

In 2021, the WHO released a new guideline for on the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. The publication provides evidence-based recommendations for the initiation of treatment of hypertension, and recommended intervals for follow-up. The document also includes target blood pressure to be achieved for control, and information on who, in the health-care system, can initiate treatment.

To support governments in strengthening the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease, WHO and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) launched the Global Hearts Initiative in September 2016, which includes the HEARTS technical package. The six modules of the HEARTS technical package (Healthy-lifestyle counselling, Evidence-based treatment protocols, Access to essential medicines and technology, Risk-based management, Team-based care, and Systems for monitoring) provide a strategic approach to improve cardiovascular health in countries across the world.

In September 2017, WHO began a partnership with Resolve to Save Lives, an initiative of Vital Strategies, to support national governments to implement the Global Hearts Initiative. Other partners contributing to the Global Hearts Initiative are: the CDC Foundation, the Global Health Advocacy Incubator, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the U.S. CDC. Since implementation of the programme in 2017 in 18 low- and middle-income countries, 3 million people have been put on protocol-based hypertension treatment through person-centred models of care. These programmes demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of standardized hypertension control programmes.

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Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the body's arteries, the major blood vessels in the body. Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats.

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https://create.kahoot.it/share/pediatrics-and-geriatrics/80e8c906-4f13-4db6-ae7e-30add77cbcd4