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1605- French noblemen Pierre Du Gua de Mons and Samuel Champlain established Port Royal in the summer. Located on the north shore of the Annapolis Basin in the modern island of Nova Scotia, Port Royal served as the first-ever attempt by Europeans to establish a permanent settlement in the area of present-day Canada, likewise serving as an important base of subsequent French missions leading to the establishment of Quebec City a few years later.

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July 3, 1608- Quebec City was founded after gaining strength from Port Royal. Originally starting as a colonial outpost built over an abandoned Iroquoian settlement along the St. Lawrence River, the city grew in importance over time, firstly due to its historical status as the first and oldest-surviving city in Canada, and secondly, due to the increased immigration that the entire colony witnessed in a bid to drastically increase the population of Quebec City.

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1627 – The seigneurial system, which is an institutionalized form of land distribution and management, was implemented in the colony of New France, especially in the areas outside of the towns. In this system, land was divided into plots called seigneuries and is managed by a seigneur, unto whom prospective new inhabitants could secure concessions from, or whom manages the productivity of the land by securing the workers. This system was implemented in the colony in order to encourage migration and settlement, as well as to improve the value of the land through production and labor.

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October 9, 1651 – The Navigation Act of the said year, the first of its kind in a long series of similar acts, was passed by the Parliament of Oliver Cromwell in England. This Act limited trade and exchange only between England and its colonies in North America, in turn, affecting the productivity of the said colonies. However, on the flipside, this Act produced an unexpected consequence: demographic patterns in the region were shifted when English natives were motivated to migrate to the colonies, increasing the presence of English colonists.

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1685- The Ordinance of 1685, a law designed to regulate trade and commerce in New France, was enacted by King Louis XIV. Originally designed to standardize commercial practices, like regulation of labor contracts, wages, and working conditions within New France, the Ordinance impacted the colony in other ways: the colony saw a huge uptick in immigration as opportunities for new industries and employment sprang up all over. This surge contributed to the enrichment and enhancement of the French aspect of modern Canadian culture, as well as certain geo-political and socio-cultural changes that brought Canada closer to Catholicism and French culture

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1713- The Treaty of Utrecht was signed as a closing of the disastrous War of the Spanish Succession between the British and the French. As a price of defeat, France was compelled to cede Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Britain. This major gain from this single treaty served as the beginning of Britain’s bigger colonial ambitions in North America and in Canada. After consolidating their power and influence over the mentioned territories, the British began to encourage the immigration of its people into the newly-ceded areas in still larger waves, increasing their socio-political influence over the area even further.

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1720- The Ordinance of 1720 was issued by King Louis XV, with the main purposes of regulating the fur trade through merchant licensing, strengthening the monopoly of the French East India Company over the said trade, and the imposition of tariffs on imported goods along with other related governmental-administrative reforms. This further enhancement of the colony’s commercial and administrative areas led to an increased economic growth and opportunities, leading to another wave of French immigration. Furthermore, this Ordinance likewise laid the groundwork for the writing of Quebec’s Civil Code.

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1762 – The province of Nova Scotia became the first colonial subdivision to enact a Master and Servant Act. This Act, the first of the series of Acts enacted gradually all over the colony, was aimed to regulate labor contracts, terms for indentured servitude, wages, working conditions, and other aspects of master-servant relationships and became one of the earliest and yet the most well-known predecessors of Canadian labor laws. This Act, along with the other similar acts later enacted in the colony (Quebec in 1764, New Brunswick in 1785, and Ontario in 1786under the British), influenced existing and subsequent apprenticeship systems, but gave a downside on indigenous labor relations mostly due to unequal application.

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1763 – The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III of Britain, shortly after their victory in the Seven Years’ War against France and its allies. Although the main contents of this proclamation focus mostly on political aspects (i.e. assertion of British control over New France, setting of boundaries, reorganization of subdivisions), the Royal Proclamation deviated from the policies of the previous colonial masters by recognizing the rights of the indigenous peoples over their land and the protection of the latter from further settler encroachment. This Royal Proclamation is widely said to be the initial inspiration for the eventual foundation of the Canadian Confederation a century later, as well as to lay the groundwork for today’s modern code of rights of indigenous peoples.

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1774 – Despite the cultural and religious differences of the British and French settlers of Canada, the British Crown sought to reconcile said difference through the issuance of the Quebec Act. Focusing specifically on the province of Quebec and its largely-French speaking population, the British assured residents of Quebec that they could maintain their French traditions and customs under the rule of the former, even guaranteeing the practice of religion for everyone in the province. This Act is said to be one of the game-changers that made Canada into a multi-cultural country that it is today, when it started to accept the autonomy and uniqueness of their French neighbors and their customs and traditions.

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1791 – The British North America Act was enacted in the mentioned year, with the primary goal of dividing Quebec into Upper Canada (now Ontario) and Lower Canada (now Quebec). Although the original purpose of the split was based along religious and cultural lines (French versus British cultures), the said Act likewise established for the first time the basic institutions of today’s Canada – the constitutional monarchy, the parliamentary system, bilingualism and biculturalism, and federalism amongst the provinces and territories. Most historians attribute this Act to have a great influence over the subsequent establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

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1791- The enactment of the Apprenticeship Acts originally desired to regulate and standardize apprenticeship practices of the colony. By regulating the contract terms, age requirements, wages, and training of the apprentices, the colony’s workforce gradually competitively increased its skills, in turn, fueling further economic growth and industrial advancement of the colony.  Another unexpected result of this Act is the increase in the immigration of skilled workers into the colony. This Act influenced our current labor laws as well as the vocational education system of modern Canada.

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1792 – The Immigration Act of 1792, often said to be the earliest and most standardized bases of subsequent Canadian immigration laws, was enacted. This is the first Act that pronounced the earliest standards for regulating immigration into the colony through the imposition of regulations on numbers and legalities, qualifications, and prohibitions. This Act is important in the shaping of modern Canadian society as it became one of the precursors of modern Canadian multiculturalism, fueling economic development and population growth through hosting foreigners looking for livelihood opportunities.

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1793 – Originally imposed only in Upper Canada (now Ontario), the Trades and Laborers Act was enacted in this year established another standardized set of laws and regulations governing several aspects of the lives of laborers and artisans (i.e. minimum wages, working conditions, contract enforcement, encouragement of guild systems, trainings). Furthermore, provisions of this Act likewise regulated labor rendered by the newly-arriving immigrants, further attracting more immigrant workers for its assured protections on the latter. Overall, the Act assured workers of their labor rights, in turn improving their working conditions overnight and increasing their productivity.

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Black Canadians actively defended Upper Canada against American forces. Richard Pierpoint successfully petitioned to form a Black militia company, which fought valiantly at battles such as Queenston Heights, Fort George, Burlington Heights, and other key locations. Among them were 50 Black soldiers under the command of John Brant, the son of Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, who also distinguished themselves at Queenston Heights.

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Following the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Britain experienced a period of high unemployment, unstable economic conditions, and social upheaval. Numerous employees who had worked in industry throughout the war were now facing layoffs. Many Britons sought chances abroad, notably in Canada, as a result of this economic suffering and the industrial revolution, which had already started to change the economy. In order to alleviate domestic unemployment and the overcrowding in British cities, the British government started to encourage emigration.

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Ontario had become a key destination for Black settlers, with thousands escaping slavery in the United States via the Underground Railroad. Many sought freedom and safety in the province, joining the Black Loyalists who had arrived earlier. These early settlers worked to establish communities, build churches, and create schools, laying the foundation for a vibrant Black presence in Ontario.

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The last Beothuk people of Newfoundland died. The Beothuk were the original inhabitants of Newfoundland. The Beothuk faced numerous challenges similar to those faced by native peoples in other parts of US and Latin America.

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During the Upper Canada Rebellion, nearly 1,000 Black volunteers joined militias to defend the Crown, fearing that a rebel victory might lead to a union with the United States and a reintroduction of slavery. Josiah Henson led Black volunteers in Windsor's Essex Militia to defend Fort Malden, while other Black corps were active in Chatham, Hamilton, and the Niagara area. After the rebellion, many Black volunteers continued serving their communities by maintaining order, clearing forests, building roads, and assisting in projects like the construction of the Welland Canal.

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A horrific famine that killed over a million people and left another million more in need of charity occurred in Ireland in 1846 as a result of a potato blight. Large numbers of Irish people were consequently compelled to leave their country in quest of better possibilities. About 110,000 Irish left Ireland for Canada in 1847 alone, with many hoping to escape the hunger and find employment. In particular, places like Toronto, Quebec City, and Montreal saw a large influx of Irish immigrants.

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Large-scale emigration from Ireland was still fueled by the famine, and another 110,000 Irish immigrants arrived in Canada in 1847. Due to the high death rates during the transatlantic voyage, many of these immigrants took the "coffin ships" to Canada. The Irish continued to move in great numbers to avoid the famine in spite of severe hardships, such as disease outbreaks and overcrowding.

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The Mexican Mayan people rebelled against the colonial forces that had been using their labor and resources for decades. Approximately 15,000 Mayans rebelled against the ruling class of European descent during the Mayan Uprising, sometimes referred to as the Caste War of Yucatán. As the Mayans struggled to maintain control over their territories and fend off the intrusion of settlers and colonial authority, the conflict raged for decades and claimed over 150,000 lives. In Latin American history, the battle turned into one of the most enduring resistance movements.

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Rev. William King founded the Buxton or Elgin settlement near Chatham, which grew into a prosperous all-Black community with schools and industries, becoming a model for self-sufficiency. In 1858, Chatham became the site where white abolitionist John Brown held meetings to plan his insurrection against slavery, though many local Black residents doubted its success.

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The Black population had grown significantly, with thriving communities actively contributing to Ontario’s cultural, social, and economic life. Black pioneers played vital roles in businesses, politics, and education, while also advocating for civil rights and the abolition of slavery, reinforcing Ontario’s position as a beacon of freedom and opportunity.

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An important location in the history of the abolitionist movement was Chatham, Ontario. In Chatham, white abolitionist John Brown met in secret to plot his uprising against slavery in the United States. Brown attacked government armories and armed enslaved people in an attempt to start an armed uprising to abolish slavery. Despite his execution following the failure of his 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, he visited Chatham as part of his attempt to rally support for his anti-slavery campaign. Although Brown made an effort, many Black Canadians in the area doubted that his planned uprising would succeed.

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The Black community in Ontario was firmly established, having grown from the contributions of Black Loyalists and the influx of 30,000 to 40,000 fugitives from the U.S. slave system who arrived via the Underground Railroad. These pioneers not only defended the province but also enriched its cultural landscape by founding churches, schools, and newspapers. Black Ontarians actively participated in the province's business, professional, and political life, becoming an integral part of its social fabric. Their efforts by this time had solidified the roots of Black heritage in Ontario, demonstrating resilience and significant contributions to the province's growth and cultural diversity.

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According to the 1871 census, which was the first conducted following Canada's Confederation in 1867, the number of Black people had significantly declined from 50,000 ten years earlier to 21,500. After the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, many former slaves and liberated Black people returned to the United States, which historians believe contributed to this decline. Following President Abraham Lincoln's decree that all slaves in the Confederate states were to be liberated, several Black Canadians moved south. The Black community in Canada kept expanding and establishing roots in several provinces in spite of the population drop.

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British Columbia passed the Chinese Tax Act, which required all Chinese residents over the age of 12 to pay a $10 poll tax, also referred to as a "licence fee," every three months in order to remain in the province and work. In addition, employers were mandated to provide a list of their Chinese workers, and failure to do so could result in a fine of $100. This legislation was met with anger and resistance from the Chinese community in Victoria, who immediately began organizing against the tax. The Act was part of a series of discriminatory measures aimed at restricting the rights and presence of Chinese people in the province, contributing to a climate of exclusion and racial hostility.

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The 1881 census showed that Canada's population had increased. Due in large part to ongoing immigration, especially from Britain and Europe, this was a notable increase over previous years. According to the census, 2 percent of the population were Indigenous, 59% were British, 30% were French, and 8.6% were of other or undetermined background. The growing population of Canada, which included both Indigenous peoples who had been in the country for thousands of years and settlers from other countries, was reflected in this diversity.The 1881 census showed that Canada's population had increased. Due in large part to ongoing immigration, especially from Britain and Europe, this was a notable increase over previous years. According to the census, 2 percent of the population were Indigenous, 59% were British, 30% were French, and 8.6% were of other or undetermined background. The growing population of Canada, which included both Indigenous peoples who had been in the country for thousands of years and settlers from other countries, was reflected in this diversity.

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The Canadian government passed the Chinese Immigration Act, which imposed a head tax of $50 on all Chinese immigrants, excluding diplomats, merchants, students, and "men of science." This tax was aimed at restricting Chinese immigration and came shortly after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, a project heavily reliant on Chinese labor. The tax was a significant burden, equating to 50 days’ pay for Chinese railroad workers at the time, and would be roughly $1,340 in 2020 dollars. This act marked the beginning of discriminatory policies against Chinese immigrants, reflecting broader racial and exclusionary sentiments in Canadian immigration practices during this period.

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The region that would become Saskatchewan was first populated by Hungarians in 1886. Drawn to the free land offered by the Canadian government in the West

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In 1887, Mormons from the United States began immigrating to Alberta, particularly after the Canadian government offered them land to settle in the West.

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In 1896, bigger groups of Ukrainians started to arrive in Manitoba as a result of government incentives. Under the leadership of Immigration Minister Clifford Sifton, the Canadian government aggressively encouraged Ukrainian immigrants to settle in the Prairies.

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The Doukhobors, a Russian religious sect that resisted the Russian Orthodox Church and military duty, arrived in Canada in greater numbers than 7,000 in 1899. Their convictions have led to persecution in Russia, especially their refusal to serve in the military. They mostly settled in Saskatchewan, where they built farming settlements. Later, a large number of Doukhobors relocated to British Columbia.

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The Wright brothers achieved the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered aircraft in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, marking the birth of modern aviation.

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World War I involved many nations and led to significant geopolitical changes, with approximately 20 million deaths worldwide.

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The Russian Revolution overthrew the monarchy, leading to the rise of the Soviet Union and a new communist government.

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The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, granting American women the right to vote.

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The Wall Street stock market crash triggered a global economic crisis that lasted through much of the 1930s.

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World War II involved major global powers, resulting in profound destruction and the Holocaust, with millions of lives lost.

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The United Nations was established to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.

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India gained independence from British rule, marking the end of over 200 years of colonial domination

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The U.S. Supreme Court decision declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement.

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The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech, became a pivotal moment in the fight for civil rights.

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NASA’s Apollo 11 mission successfully landed humans on the Moon for the first time, with Neil Armstrong taking the first step.

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Ray Tomlinson sent the first email, revolutionizing communication and laying the foundation for modern digital correspondence.

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The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War and the beginning of German reunification.

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Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years, paving the way for the end of apartheid in South Africa.

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The dissolution of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War and led to the independence of several former Soviet states.

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The Kyoto Protocol was the first international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming.

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The RMS Titanic, a British passenger liner considered unsinkable, struck an iceberg on its maiden voyage and sank, resulting in over 1,500 deaths. The tragedy led to changes in maritime safety regulations.

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Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto, which was considered the ninth planet in the Solar System until it was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.

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The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit. This event marked the beginning of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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The volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state was one of the deadliest in U.S. history, killing 57 people and causing widespread destruction.