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By: London Deane, Rustam Lally, Irina Moeglen & Puneet Bhangal

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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is an insecticide/pesticide

DDT is a reaction involving chloral and two equivalents of chlorobenzene, facilitated by an acidic catalyst, which in this case is sulphuric acid

DDT is colourless, tasteless, and mostly odourless

It is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that is absorbed by suspended particulate matter in the air, soil, sediments, water particles, and etc...

DDT binds to the sodium ion channels inside of an insect's nerve cells/neurons, resulting in paralysis and inevitably death

Humans and mammals are not subject to DDT as our sodium ion channels are evolved differently

DDT did not immediately kill the insects, it took some time

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Abstract

DDT does not occur naturally and is purely a laboratory-synthesized compound. After being in existence for over 60 years, its wide-spectrum insecticidal properties were studied and elaborated by Paul Hermann Muller. During World War II and thereafter, DDT was used extensively by countries worldwide, leading to the eradication/great reduction of several vector-borne diseases, thereby improving enormously health, longevity and economic growth of the people. However, its reckless and indiscriminate use led to several ecological and environmental problems, ably pointed out by Rachel Carson, in 1962, through her book Silent Spring, leading to a ban on DDT in 1972 in the US and, subsequently, in several other countries. The Stockholm Convention (2001), under United Nations, has, however, granted health-related exemptions permitting judicious use, leading ultimately to a phased removal of DDT.

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Suggested Reading

1. Wolfgang von Leuthold, Schadlingsbekamfung, DRP No. 673246, dt. April 27, 1934.

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT.

3. B. Woodward, J. Shurkin and D. Gordon, Scientists Greater than Einstein, Abridged by K. Srinivas Rao and A. Padmavathi, Indian Institute of Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India, Chap.7, pp.129-147, 2013.

4. B.S. Reddy and P.K. Dubey, Malaria: A journey revisited, Everyman's Science, Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkatta, Vol.LV, pp.114-118, 2020.

Google Scholar

5. R. Carson, Silent Spring, Houghton Millin Publishers, Boston, US, 1962.

Google Scholar

6. https://www.epa.gov>ddt-brief-history-and-status.

7. G. S. Sodhi, Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Chemistry, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, Chap.30, pp.414-27, 2002.

Google Scholar

8. http://www.epa.gov>international-cooperation>persistent-organic-pollutants.

9. https://en.wikipedia.org>wiki>Hindustan-Insecticides.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology Gandipet, Hyderabad, 500 075, India

Bireddy Srinivasa Reddy

2. Flat#1B, Rohith Residency, A.S. Raju Nagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500 072, India

Pramod Kumar Dubey

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bireddy Srinivasa Reddy.

Additional information

Pramod Kumar Dubey retired as Professor of chemistry from J. N. Technological University, Hyderabad, in 2013. His research interests are in organic & medicinal chemistry and chemical education.

Bireddy Srinivasa Reddy did his PhD in chemistry from J. N. Technological University, Hyderabad, in 2013. His research interests are in synthetic organic chemistry and chemical education.

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Reddy, B.S., Dubey, P.K. The Rise, Fall and Re-emergence of DDT. Reson 28, 1233-1243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-023-1659-4
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Rise, Fall and Re-emergence of DDT - Resonance

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DDT does not occur naturally and is purely a laboratory-synthesized compound. After being in existence for over 60 years, its wide-spectrum insecticidal properties were studied and elaborated by Paul Hermann Muller. During World War II and thereafter, DDT was used extensively by countries worldwide, leading to the eradication/great reduction of several vector-borne diseases, thereby improving enormously health, longevity and economic growth of the people.

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1874: DDT first created by Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler

1939: Swiss chemist Paul Müller synthesizes DDT to test its insecticide properties and succeeds

During and after World War ll, malaria, typhus (body lice), and yellow fever were taken care of by DDT

Effective pesticide against insects that transmit malaria

Saved millions of lives on a global scale, countries like the US and Europe are malaria free due to DDT

1943: the success of DDT as an insecticide/pesticide led to it being produced at a large scale industrial level

Also extremely cheap, $1 USD per pound in 1945 and down to $0.25 USD per pound in 1950

More agricultural use of DDT started after 1945 on pests

1960s: Roughly 400,000 tons of DDT were being used each year, 70-80% of this was used for agriculture

1970s: The ban of DDT began and many countries opted out of using it because of health concerns and toxic effects, with Sweden being the first country to do so

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DDT played a crucial role in malaria eradication efforts worldwide

Reduced deaths from mosquito-borne diseases, particularly malaria

Used extensively in World Health Organization (WHO) malaria control programs

Successful public health interventions in the United States, Sri Lanka, and India

Cost-effective and provided long-lasting mosquito control compared to alternatives

Reduced malaria prevalence led to increased economic productivity and development

Pioneered modern vector control strategies still referenced today

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Bouwman, Hindrik; van den Berg, Henk; Kylin, Henrik.

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DDT and Malaria Prevention: Addressing the - ProQuest

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Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Role of DDT in Increased Agricultural Yield

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The Role of DDT in Increased Agricultural Yield

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DDT significantly contributed to increased agricultural productivity post-1945

Effective in controlling insect pests that threatened staple crops

Reduced crop losses, ensuring higher yields and food security

Widely adopted in British farming as part of national efforts to enhance agricultural efficiency

Enabled the transition from traditional pest control to large-scale, systematic insecticide use

Supported by government and industry collaboration to modernize farming practices

Played a role in stabilizing food supplies and reducing economic losses for farmers

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Turning DDT into ‘Didimac’: Making insecticide products and consumers in British farming after 1945

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This paper examines the adoption of DDT and other insecticides in British farming after 1945 to consider the notion that new synthetic insecticides were taken up rapidly. It shows that the uptake o…

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Environmental Effects of DDT Application 

# data[].attributes.subject
Environmental Effects of DDT Application 

# data[].attributes.body
In the late 1950s, people all over the United States (seasoned birdwatchers, local town residents and Ornithologists alike) started to notice a sharp decline of local bird populations

A study on Robin populations being done at Michigan State University in 1954 coincided with DDT use in the area – DDT had a cataclysmic impact on Robin populations, many of the birds were dead within a week of migrating back into the area.

DDT had been marketed as “harmless” to non target organisms, but bioaccumulation in the Robin’s food source (earthworms) caused slow deaths via poisoning

DDT is sprayed onto areas to kill specific pests (Gypsy Moths, Elm Bark Beetles, Mosquitos) but rain doesn’t wash it away and it doesn’t break down – it accumulates and concentrates in the environment/ bodies of animals, spreading throughout the food chain to affect organisms not even coming into direct contact with sprayed areas

DDT also led to sterility in some robins (and other species), because of accumulation in their reproductive organs

Populations of nesting birds declined as much as 90% in areas sprayed and around 90 species of birds were seen to be affected – in areas where DDT was applied to control Dutch Elm Disease ALONE

Ironically, DDT is not particularly effective at controlling Dutch Elm Disease – removing and destruction of diseased trees produces far better results

Bald Eagle populations were also sited as having experienced drastically reduced breeding capacity and increased mortality rate of offspring – linked to increased insecticide use throughout the country

Any dubious benefits DDT may have as an insecticide are far outweighed by it's fatal and far reaching side effects

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Silent Spring and Environmental Movement  

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Silent Spring and Environmental Movement  

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·      It was Rachel Carson's 1962 book "Silent Spring" that began the modern-day environmental movement.

·      Highlighted the harm that pesticides, especially DDT, does to human health and ecosystems.

·      Demonstrated how pesticides harmed birds and other species by building up in the food chain.

·      Advocated for environmental stewardship and questioned unquestioning faith in technological advancement.

·      Received support from the general population despite opposition from the chemical industry.

·      Resulted in the establishment of the EPA and changes to policy, such as limitations on DDT.

·      Raised awareness of environmental issues worldwide and motivated more activism.

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Credit... Illustration by Valero Doval

On June 4, 1963, less than a year after the controversial environmental classic "Silent Spring" was published, its author, Rachel Carson, testified before a Senate subcommittee on pesticides. She was 56 and dying of breast cancer. She told almost no one. She'd already survived a radical mastectomy. Her pelvis was so riddled with fractures that it was nearly impossible for her to walk to her seat at the wooden table before the Congressional panel. To hide her baldness, she wore a dark brown wig.

"Every once in a while in the history of mankind, a book has appeared which has substantially altered the course of history," Senator Ernest Gruening, a Democrat from Alaska, told Carson at the time.

"Silent Spring" was published 50 years ago this month. Though she did not set out to do so, Carson influenced the environmental movement as no one had since the 19th century's most celebrated hermit, Henry David Thoreau, wrote about Walden Pond. "Silent Spring" presents a view of nature compromised by synthetic pesticides, especially DDT. Once these pesticides entered the biosphere, Carson argued, they not only killed bugs but also made their way up the food chain to threaten bird and fish populations and could eventually sicken children. Much of the data and case studies that Carson drew from weren't new; the scientific community had known of these findings for some time, but Carson was the first to put them all together for the general public and to draw stark and far-reaching conclusions. In doing so, Carson, the citizen-scientist, spawned a revolution.

"Silent Spring," which has sold more than two million copies, made a powerful case for the idea that if humankind poisoned nature, nature would in turn poison humankind. "Our heedless and destructive acts enter into the vast cycles of the earth and in time return to bring hazard to ourselves," she told the subcommittee. We still see the effects of unfettered human intervention through Carson's eyes: she popularized modern ecology.

If anything, environmental issues have grown larger - and more urgent - since Carson's day. Yet no single work has had the impact of "Silent Spring." It is not that we lack eloquent and impassioned environmental advocates with the capacity to reach a broad audience on issues like climate change. Bill McKibben was the first to make a compelling case, in 1989, for the crisis of global warming in "The End of Nature." Elizabeth Kolbert followed with "Field Notes From a Catastrophe." Al Gore sounded the alarm with "An Inconvenient Truth," and was awarded the Nobel Prize. They are widely considered responsible for shaping our view of global warming, but none was able to galvanize a nation into demanding concrete change in quite the way that Carson did.

What was it that allowed Carson to capture the public imagination and to forge America's environmental consciousness?

Saint Rachel, "the nun of nature," as she is called, is frequently invoked in the name of one environmental cause or another, but few know much about her life and work. "People think she came out of nowhere to deliver this Jeremiad of 'Silent Spring,' but she had three massive best sellers about the sea before that," McKibben says. "She was Jacques Cousteau before there was Jacques Cousteau."

The sea held an immense appeal to a woman who grew up landlocked and poor as Carson did. She was born in 1907 in the boom of the Industrial Age about 18 miles up the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh, in the town of Springdale. From her bedroom window, she could see smoke billow from the stacks of the American Glue Factory, which slaughtered horses. The factory, the junkyard of its time, was located less than a mile away, down the gently sloping riverbank from the Carsons' four-room log cabin. Passers-by could watch old horses file up a covered wooden ramp to their death. The smell of tankage, fertilizer made from horse parts, was so rank that, along with the mosquitoes that bred in the swampland near the riverbank called the Bottoms, it prevented Springdale's 1,200 residents from sitting on their porches in the evening.

Her father, Robert Carson, was a ne'er-do-well whose ventures inevitably failed; Carson's elder sister, Marian, did shift work in the town's coal-fired power plant. Carson's mother, Maria, the ambitious and embittered daughter of a Presbyterian minister, had great hopes that her youngest daughter, Rachel, could be educated and would escape Springdale. Rachel won a scholarship to Pennsylvania College for Women, now known as Chatham University, in Pittsburgh. After graduation, she moved to Baltimore, where she attended graduate school for zoology at Johns Hopkins University and completed a master's degree before dropping out to help support her family. The Carsons fared even worse during the Depression, and they fled Springdale, leaving heavy debts behind.

Carson became a science editor for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency founded under the New Deal. Eager to be a writer, she freelanced for The Atlantic and Reader's Digest, among other publications. Driven by her love of the sea, she wrote on everything from where to go for summer vacation to what to do with the catch of the day to the life cycles of sea creatures. Carson believed that people would protect only what they loved, so she worked to establish a "sense of wonder" about nature. In her best-selling sea books - "The Sea Around Us," "The Edge of the Sea" and "Under the Sea-Wind" - she used simple and sometimes sentimental narratives about the oceans to articulate sophisticated ideas about the inner workings of largely unseen things.

Carson was initially ambivalent about taking on what she referred to as "the poison book." She didn't see herself as an investigative reporter. By this time, she'd received the National Book Award for "The Sea Around Us" and established herself as the naturalist of her day. This was a much folksier and less controversial role than the one "the poison book" would put her in. Taking on some of the largest and most powerful industrial forces in the world would have been a daunting proposition for anyone, let alone a single woman of her generation. She tried to enlist other writers to tackle the dangers of pesticides. E.B. White, who was at The New Yorker, which serialized Carson's major books, gently suggested that she investigate pesticides for The New Yorker herself. So she did.

"Silent Spring" begins with a myth, "A Fable for Tomorrow," in which Carson describes "a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings." Cognizant of connecting her ideal world to one that readers knew, Carson presents not a pristine wilderness but a town where people, roads and gutters coexist with nature - until a mysterious blight befalls this perfect place. "No witchcraft," Carson writes, "no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves."

Carson knew that her target audience of popular readers included scores of housewives. She relied upon this ready army of concerned citizens both as sources who discovered robins and squirrels poisoned by pesticides outside their back doors and as readers to whom she had to appeal. Consider this indelible image of a squirrel: "The head and neck were outstretched, and the mouth often contained dirt, suggesting that the dying animal had been biting at the ground." Carson then asks her readers, "By acquiescing in an act that causes such suffering to a living creature, who among us is not diminished as a human being?"

Her willingness to pose the moral question led "Silent Spring" to be compared with Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," written nearly a century earlier. Both books reflected the mainstream Protestant thinking of their time, which demanded personal action to right the wrongs of society. Yet Carson, who was baptized in the Presbyterian Church, was not religious. One tenet of Christianity in particular struck her as false: the idea that nature existed to serve man. "She wanted us to understand that we were just a blip," says Linda Lear, author of Carson's definitive biography, "Witness for Nature." "The control of nature was an arrogant idea, and Carson was against human arrogance."

"Silent Spring" was more than a study of the effects of synthetic pesticides; it was an indictment of the late 1950s. Humans, Carson argued, should not seek to dominate nature through chemistry, in the name of progress. In Carson's view, technological innovation could easily and irrevocably disrupt the natural system. "She was the very first person to knock some of the shine off modernity," McKibben says. "She was the first to tap into an idea that other people were starting to feel."

Rachel Carson, 1951. Credit... Brooks Studio, from the Rachel Carson Council.

Carson's was one of several moral calls to arms published at the start of the '60s. Jane Jacobs's "Death and Life of American Cities," Michael Harrington's "Other America," Ralph Nader's "Unsafe at Any Speed" and Betty Friedan's "Feminine Mystique" all captured a growing disillusionment with the status quo and exposed a system they believed disenfranchised people. But "Silent Spring," more than the others, is stitched through with personal rage. In 1960, according to Carson's assistant, after she found out that her breast cancer had metastasized, her tone sharpened toward the apocalyptic. "She was more hostile about what arrogant technology and blind science could do," notes Lear, her biographer.

"No one," says Carl Safina, an oceanographer and MacArthur fellow who has published several books on marine life, "had ever thought that humans could create something that could create harm all over the globe and come back and get in our bodies." Safina took me out in his sea kayak around Lazy Point, an eastern spoke of Long Island, to see three kinds of terns, which zipped around us over the bay. We then crossed the point in his red Prius to visit thriving osprey, one species of bird that was beginning to die out when "Silent Spring" made public that DDT weakened their eggshells. As we peered through binoculars at a 40-foot-high nest woven from sticks, old mops and fishnets, a glossy black osprey returned to his mate and her chicks with a thrashing fish in his talons. Safina told me that he began to read "Silent Spring" when he was 14 years old, in the back seat of his parents' sedan.

"I almost threw up," he said. "I got physically ill when I learned that ospreys and peregrine falcons weren't raising chicks because of what people were spraying on bugs at their farms and lawns. This was the first time I learned that humans could impact the environment with chemicals." That a corporation would create a product that didn't operate as advertised -"this was shocking in a way we weren't inured to," Safina said.

Though Carson talked about other pesticides, it was DDT - sprayed aerially over large areas of the United States to control mosquitoes and fire ants - that stood in for this excess. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 and discovered to kill insects in 1939 by Paul Hermann Müller, who won the Nobel Prize in 1948 for this work. During World War II, DDT applied to the skin in powder form proved an effective means to control lice in soldiers. But it wasn't just DDT's effectiveness that led to its promotion, Carson maintained; it was a surfeit of product and labor. In her speeches, Carson claimed that after the war, out-of-work pilots and a glut of the product led the United States government and industry to seek new markets for DDT among American consumers.

By the time Carson began to be interested in pesticides, in the mid-1940s, concerns related to DDT were mounting among wildlife biologists at the Patuxent Research Refuge in Laurel, Md., which was administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and elsewhere. Controversy over pesticides' harmful effects on birds and plants led to high-profile lawsuits on the part of affected residents who wanted to stop the aerial spraying.

Carson used the era's hysteria about radiation to snap her readers to attention, drawing a parallel between nuclear fallout and a new, invisible chemical threat of pesticides throughout "Silent Spring." "We are rightly appalled by the genetic effects of radiation," she wrote. "How then, can we be indifferent to the same effect in chemicals that we disseminate widely in our environment?"

Carson and her publisher, Houghton Mifflin, knew that such comparisons would be explosive. They tried to control the response to the book by seeking support before publication. They sent galleys to the National Audubon Society for public endorsement.

The galleys landed on the desk of Audubon's biologist, Roland Clement, for review. Clement, who will turn 100 in November, currently lives in a studio on the 17th floor of a retirement community in New Haven, about a mile from Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, where Carson's papers are kept. "I knew of everything she wrote about," he told me over lunch at his home this summer. "She had it right."

Carson as a child, reading to her dog Candy. Credit... Carson family photograph, from the Rachel Carson Council.

The book, which was published on Sept. 27, 1962, flew off the shelves, owing largely to its three-part serialization in The New Yorker that summer. "Silent Spring" was also selected for the Book-of-the-Month Club, which delighted Carson. But nothing established Carson more effectively than her appearance on "CBS Reports," an hourlong television news program hosted by a former war correspondent, Eric Sevareid. On camera, Carson's careful way of speaking dispelled any notions that she was a shrew or some kind of zealot. Carson was so sick during filming at home in suburban Maryland that in the course of the interview, she propped her head on her hands. According to Lear as well as William Souder, author of a new biography of Carson, "On a Farther Shore," Sevareid later said that he was afraid Carson wouldn't survive to see the show broadcast.

The industry's response to "Silent Spring" proved more aggressive than anyone anticipated. As Lear notes, Velsicol, a manufacturer of DDT, threatened to sue both Houghton Mifflin and The New Yorker. And it also tried to stop Audubon from excerpting the book in its magazine. Audubon went ahead and even included an editorial about the chemical industry's reaction to the book. But after "Silent Spring" came out, the society declined to give it an official endorsement.

The personal attacks against Carson were stunning. She was accused of being a communist sympathizer and dismissed as a spinster with an affinity for cats. In one threatening letter to Houghton Mifflin, Velsicol's general counsel insinuated that there were "sinister influences" in Carson's work: she was some kind of agricultural propagandist in the employ of the Soviet Union, he implied, and her intention was to reduce Western countries' ability to produce food, to achieve "east-curtain parity."

But Carson also had powerful advocates, among them President John F. Kennedy, who established a presidential committee to investigate pesticides. Then, in June 1963, Carson made her appearance before the Senate subcommittee. In her testimony, Carson didn't just highlight the problems that she identified in "Silent Spring"; she presented the policy recommendations she'd been working on for the past five years. When faced with a chance to do so, Carson didn't call for a ban on pesticides. "I think chemicals do have a place," she testified.

She argued vehemently against aerial spraying, which allowed the government to dump pesticides on people's property without their permission. She cited dairy farmers in upstate New York, whose milk was banned from the market after their land was sprayed to eradicate gypsy moths. As Carson saw it, the federal government, when in industry's thrall, was part of the problem. That's one reason that she didn't call for sweeping federal regulation. Instead, she argued that citizens had the right to know how pesticides were being used on their private property. She was reiterating a central tenet of "Silent Spring": "If the Bill of Rights contains no guarantee that a citizen shall be secure against lethal poisons distributed either by private individuals or by public officials, it is surely only because our forefathers, despite their considerable wisdom and foresight, could conceive of no such problem." She advocated for the birth of a grass-roots movement led by concerned citizens who would form nongovernmental groups that she called "citizen's brigades."

The results of her efforts were mixed, and even her allies have different opinions of what Carson's legacy actually means. Carson is widely credited with banning DDT, by both her supporters and her detractors. The truth is a little more complicated. When "Silent Spring" was published, DDT production was nearing its peak; in 1963, U.S. companies manufactured about 90,000 tons. But by the following year, DDT production in America was already on the wane. Despite the pesticide manufacturers' aggression toward Carson and her book, there was mounting evidence that some insects were increasingly resistant to DDT, as Carson claimed. After Roland Clement testified before the Senate subcommittee, he says, Senator Abraham Ribicoff, the Democrat from Connecticut who was chairman of the committee, pulled him aside. "He told me that the chemical companies were willing to stop domestic use of DDT," Clement says, but only if they could strike a bargain: as long as Carson and Clement would accept the companies' continued export of DDT to foreign countries, the companies would consider the end of domestic use. Their message was clear, Clement says: "Don't mess with the boys and their business."

Though Clement was a supporter of Carson's, he believes that she got both too much credit and too much blame after "Silent Spring" came out. "It's a fabrication to say that she's the founder of the environmental movement," Clement says. "She stirred the pot. That's all." It wasn't until 1972, eight years after Carson's death, that the United States banned the domestic sale of DDT, except where public health concerns warranted its use. American companies continued to export the pesticide until the mid-1980s. (China stopped manufacturing DDT in 2007. In 2009, India, the only country to produce the pesticide at the time, made 3,653 tons.)

The early activists of the new environmental movement had several successes attributed to Carson - from the Clean Air and Water Acts to the establishment of Earth Day to President Nixon's founding of the Environmental Protection Agency, in 1970. But if "Silent Spring" can be credited with launching a movement, it also sowed the seeds of its own destruction.

Carson testifying before a Senate subcommittee on pesticides in 1963. Credit... Associated Press

The well-financed counterreaction to Carson's book was a prototype for the brand of attack now regularly made by super-PACs in everything from debates about carbon emissions to new energy sources. "As soon as 'Silent Spring' is serialized, the chemical companies circle the wagons and build up a war chest," Souder says. "This is how the environment became such a bitter partisan battle."

In a move worthy of Citizens United, the chemical industry undertook an expensive negative P.R. campaign, which included circulating "The Desolate Year," a parody of "A Fable for Tomorrow" that mocked its woeful tone. The parody, which was sent out to newspapers around the country along with a five-page fact sheet, argued that without pesticides, America would be overrun by insects and Americans would not be able to grow enough food to survive.

One reason that today no single book on, say, climate change could have the influence that "Silent Spring" did, Souder argues, is the five decades of political fracturing that followed its publication. "The politicized and partisan reaction created by 'Silent Spring' has hardened over the past 50 years," Souder says. Carson may have regarded "Silent Spring" and stewardship of the environment as a unifying issue for humankind, but a result has been an increasingly factionalized arena.

Carson was among the first environmentalists of the modern era to be charged with using "soft science" and with cherry-picking studies to suit her ideology. Fifty years later, the attacks on Carson continue. Her opponents hold her responsible for the death of millions of African children from malaria; in Michael Crichton's novel "State of Fear," one character says that "banning DDT killed more people than Hitler," a sentiment Crichton publicly agreed with. The Web site rachelwaswrong.org, which is run by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a free-market advocacy group based in Washington, makes a similar charge: "Today, millions of people around the world suffer the painful and often deadly effects of malaria because one person sounded a false alarm."

But much of Carson's science was accurate and forward-looking. Dr. Theo Colborn, an environmental health analyst and co-author of a 1996 book, "Our Stolen Future," about endocrine disrupters - the chemicals that can interfere with the body's hormone system - points out that Carson was on the cutting edge of the science of her day. "If Rachel had lived," she said, "we might have actually found out about endocrine disruption two generations ago."

Today, from Rachel Carson's old bedroom window in Springdale, you can see the smokestacks of the Cheswick coal-fired power plant less than a mile away: an older red-and-white, candy-striped stack and a newer one, called a scrubber, installed in 2010 to remove sulfur dioxide. It later needed repairs, but with the approval of the Allegheny County Health Department, it stayed open, and the plant operated for three months without full emission controls. The plants says it is in compliance with current E.P.A. emissions standards for coal-fired plants, though new ones will take full effect in 2016.

Springdale's board of supervisors supports the plant's business. As David Finley, president of Springdale Borough put it, the noise from the plant used to bother a handful of residents, but it "sounds like money" to many others. The plant buys fresh water from an underground river that runs through the borough and has paid for things like Little League uniforms and repairs to the municipal swimming pool. Springdale has been nicknamed "Power City" since the days Carson lived there. The high-school sports teams are called the Dynamos; their mascot is Reddy Kilowatt, the cartoon character of the electricity lobby.

A few months ago, two citizens in Springdale volunteered to be representatives in a class-action suit, which charges that the coal-fired plant "installed limited technology" to control emissions that they claim are damaging 1,500 households. One of the plaintiffs, Kristie Bell, is a 33-year-old health care employee who lives in a two-story yellow-brick house with a broad front porch, a few blocks from Carson's childhood home. Bell said it was "Silent Spring" that encouraged her to step forward. "Rachel Carson is a huge influence," Bell said, sitting at her kitchen table after work on a sultry evening last summer. "She's a motivator." For Bell, Carson's message is a call to mothers to stand up against industry to protect the health of their families.

Detractors have argued that the lawsuit is the creation of personal-injury attorneys. (Because of the difficulty of making a clear health case, the plaintiffs are claiming property damage caused by corrosive ash.) But Bell said that it's not about money. "I never sit outside on my front porch because I don't know what's coming out of that smokestack," she said. One hundred years ago, when Carson was a child, residents of Springdale had the same concern - one that informed Carson's worldview. "When we start messing around with Mother Nature," Bell said, "bad things happen."

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How 'Silent Spring' Ignited the Environmental Movement (Published 2012)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On June 4, 1963, less than a year after the controversial environmental classic "Silent Spring" was published, its author, Rachel Carson, testified before a Senate subcommittee on pesticides. She was 56 and dying of breast cancer. She told almost no one. She'd already survived a radical mastectomy.

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Widespread awareness of the toxic effects of DDT from 1960s-70s lead to over 100 countries signing Stockholm Convention in 2001 to eliminate the use of 12 of the most Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

DDT was left off of this list because of its efficacy in reducing certain insect spread diseases, such as malaria (‘disease vector control’) – but application was heavily restricted beginning in 1970s and this helped lower direct human exposure to DDT

This paper was put together using data and primary research from 494 studies (conducted between 2003-2008) – only studies published in English included (incomplete data set should be noted)

Direct effects of exposure include: Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tremor, mental confusion and in severe cases, convulsions, seizures, coma and respiratory distress

Long term effects MAY include: certain types of cancers, diabetes, decreased semen quality, pregnancy issues/ spontaneous termination, impaired neural development in fetuses and children (interesting link here to reproductive issues in birds mentioned in Silent Spring)

DDT bio-accumulates and persists so long in environment – almost all US residents had measurable DDE levels and 5-10% had DDT present

DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) is a chemical formed as DDT breaks down over time – impossible to fully know what effect this has

WORTH NOTING – long term effects are difficult to study, it’s hard to isolate causes for human diseases and you can’t isolate a test group from all other factors which may encourage these diseases (including genetics, lifestyle factors, other environmental inputs), a balance must be weighed between known benefits (disease control) and possible/apparent risks

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The Pine River Statement: Human Health Consequences of DDT Use

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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used worldwide until the 1970s, when concerns about its toxic effects, its environmental persistence, and its concentration in the food supply led to use restrictions and prohibitions. In 2001, more than 100…

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·      Developed in the 1940s, DDT was used to combat agricultural pests and malaria.
Concerns about the ecology and bug resistance increased over time.

·      The 1962 book "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson made people more conscious of its consequences.

·      Because DDT poses threats to human health and the environment, the EPA banned it in 1972.

·      It remains in the environment and is categorized as a potential carcinogen.

·      Although its usage is restricted by the Stockholm Convention, several nations continue to use it to combat malaria.

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·      The advantages to public health and environmental dangers are at odds when it comes to DDT regulation.

·      Extremely successful in preventing malaria, particularly in underdeveloped nations.

·      The Stockholm Convention seeks to eventually eradicate DDT while permitting its usage for public health purposes.

·      Environmental and health issues include bioaccumulation, persistence in the environment, and possible toxicity to humans.

·      Regulations are criticized for failing to adequately meet the needs of areas where malaria is endemic.

·      Proposes changes to strike a balance between lowering DDT reliance and controlling malaria.