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Adults often learn to meet work, social, or personal needs.

They focus on achieving tangible and practical outcomes.

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Learning is a natural part of their development.

Children are driven by curiosity and a natural desire to explore and understand their environment.

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Adults rely on structured strategies and problem-solving approaches to learn effectively.

They reflect on their learning process and adjust their methods for optimal results.

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2. Cognitive Flexibility and Receptivity

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2. Cognitive Flexibility and Receptivity

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Children exhibit greater adaptability to new ideas and concepts.

Their brains have high plasticity, making it easier to acquire new knowledge and skills.

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3.- Emotional and Psychological Obstacles

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3.- Emotional and Psychological Obstacles

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Increased anxiety and fear of ridicule.

Pressure for quick results.

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Obstáculos emocionales y psicológicos y adulto

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3.- Emotional and Psychological Obstacles

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3.- Emotional and Psychological Obstacles

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1.Less fear of making mistakes.

2.Dependence on the school and family environment for progress.

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obstaculos emocionales y psicologicos en niños

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Increased anxiety and fear of ridicule.

In adults, embarrassment due to lack of knowledge of a second language and insecurity of pronunciation

of a second language and insecurity in pronunciation blocks the learner in his learning process and the fear of ridicule invades him.

Pressure for quick results.

The adult seeks results in a short time because he/she expects them to be always favorable.

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In children the most common psychological obstacles are sudden or unusual mood changes, which affect their adaptation to their environment.

Lack of motivation to perform activities does not concentrate on anything and has a lack of interest in what is happening in his environment.

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4.-Access to tools such as internet and formal courses.

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4.-Access to tools such as internet and formal courses.

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Formal Courses: Many adults learn through structured classes or online platforms tailored to specific needs.

Access to Resources: Adults rely on tools such as the internet, language learning apps, and self-paced programs.

Professional and Personal Goals: Motivation is often driven by career requirements or the need to communicate in diverse settings.

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Social and professional networks that enhance learning.

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Social and professional networks that enhance learning.

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Self-Directed Learning: Greater autonomy allows adults to choose methods that suit their preferences and schedules.

Professional Networks: Workplace diversity offers opportunities to practice language skills.

Social Connections: Immersive environments, such as living abroad or joining language exchange groups, support real-life application.

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5. Social inequalities and opportunities

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5. Social inequalities and opportunities

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1. Increased ability to invest in education and immersive experiences.

2. Ability to travel or interact directly with native speakers.

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Primary Social Actors: Parents and teachers play a crucial role in guiding the learning process.

School Environment: Provides structured exposure to language through formal lessons and interactive activities.

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Structured Settings: Learning takes place in schools or organized group activities, often guided by trained educators.

Supportive Environment: Encouragement from family and peers fosters confidence and risk-taking in using the language.

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5. Social inequalities and opportunities

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5. Social inequalities and opportunities

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1.Economic inequalities affecting quality of education.

2.Limited exposure to natural language contexts.

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Children as well as Adults have the potential to learn a second language.

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Children as well as Adults have the potential to learn a second language.

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-Each requires individualized approaches

-For children: a natural and dynamic environment should be created to motivate them to explore and practice the language.

-For adults: Use methods that take advantage of their analytical skills and provide a safe environment where they can overcome their fears and limitations.

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CHILDREN

Acquiring vs. Learning: Children acquire languages naturally and subconsciously, similar to their native tongue.

Brain Plasticity: High plasticity allows strong neural connections and single-center language processing.

Critical Period: Language acquisition is most effective before puberty, as supported by Lenneberg.

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Acquiring vs. Learning: Adults rely on explicit learning, requiring conscious effort and structured practice.

Brain Plasticity: Reduced plasticity results in slower neural adaptation and dual-center language processing.

Strategies: Advanced cognitive skills like reasoning aid structured language learning.