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The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 determined that racial segregation in public education is unconstitutional. This unanimous ruling abolished the "separate but equal" principle that was established by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision.

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P.L. 94–142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act)- Established the right to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) for students with disabilities.

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P.L. 99–457 (Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments)- Extended FAPE to children ages 3-5 and included early intervention services.

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ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)- Prohibited discrimination based on disability across various sectors, including education.

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IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)- Emphasized inclusion and required transition planning for students with disabilities.

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IDEA Amendments-Required participation in state assessments and greater inclusion in general education.

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The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 required standardized testing in reading and math for grades 3-8 to ensure schools met adequate yearly progress (AYP). Schools failing to meet targets faced consequences, while the act aimed to close the achievement gap for disadvantaged students by enhancing teacher quality and support for struggling schools.

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IDEA Improvements- Aligned with No Child Left Behind, emphasizing access to general curriculum and alternate assessments.

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ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act) | 2015 | Shifted accountability to states and emphasized educational equity for all students, including those with disabilities.