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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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35 mm film is a film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard. In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge.

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length.

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A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole.

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum.

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Photography Exhibition refers to an event wherever the creator, painters, photographers show their artistic work in the hope of attracting the art lovers.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs.

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line
may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or
abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to
height and width

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses
volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a
sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free
flowing.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the
lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway
between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are
defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art .

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value,
and intensity.

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look
as if they might feel if touched.

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Balance is how the elements within a composition are arranged either symmetrically, asymmetrically, or radially to create the impression of equality in weight or importance.

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how big or small something is. Scale affects how something is balanced. The phrase “Bigger is always better” is not always the case in design. Sometimes tiny elements can call attention just as effectively as something large. It’s the message you’re trying to convey with the design.

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Have you ever looked at something that makes your eyes hurt? A diner menu that had a red background but yellow type? Or a newspaper ad that is barely legible because the dark grey type was printed against black ink? This is a from lack of contrast, or the arrangement of opposite elements. Red and yellow are not far enough from each other on the color wheel to be distinguishable enough to the eye, so the colors conflict with each other and the result is a literal headache.

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Pattern is the repetition of specific visual elements such as a single unit or multitude of forms. Patterns can be used to create balance, organize surfaces in a consistent manner, or create contrast. An example of this are department store floor tiles. While they serve as decoration, they have another purpose; they lead the customer throughout the store.

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a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point

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It is created when two halves of your scene look the same and balance each other out. like a mirror

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Asymmetrical balance has two sides that are unequal while having elements that balance each other out

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combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image

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non-objective, experimental or conceptual photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger. Examples of cool colors include green, blue and violet (think calming blue waters).

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming. Examples of warm colors include red, yellow and orange (think exciting fire and volcanoes)

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Neutral colors are muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting. Examples of neutral colors include beige, taupe, gray, cream, brown, black, and white. While neutral colors are not on the color wheel, they complement primary and secondary colors.

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Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined or mixed, cancel each other out by producing a grayscale color like white or black. When placed next to each other, they create the strongest contrast for those two colors. Complementary colors may also be called "opposite colors"

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Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by adding white and shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker color, grey or black

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a directional change in the intensity or color in an image

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a critique which is constructive– it informs the photographer how to improve.

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Plagiarism is passing off somebody else's work as your own. aka stealing someone elses work.

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the principles that guide how we take and share photographs. Photography ethics are subjective, contextual, and fluid, meaning that every person's ethics will be different, because ethics are based on a person's life experience and values

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Other examples of objective photography is medical or forensic photography, photographic identity photography, architectural photography. Subjective photography is the creative or artistic process. The aim is to make a personal interpretation, a composition to capture and create an image with style

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You must own the copyright. If you took the photo as part of a work-for-hire agreement (such as a freelance photographer), your employer likely owns the copyright unless your contract states otherwise

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a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open.

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a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image

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a ratio of approximately 1.618 to 1. It has been used for centuries by artists, architects, and musicians, but it can also be found everywhere in the natural world. To use the golden ratio in photography, you simply apply it to the placement of objects in your composition

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It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject.

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the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area surrounding the subject.

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Backlighting means that you compose your pictures so that the primary light source is behind your subject.

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images. The word itself comes from ancient Greek. Think of diptychs as collages. If two photos aren't enough, try out triptychs (three photos).

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A triptych is a group of 3 separate images displayed together. But crucially, the 3 images are more than just 3 photographs set out next to each other - they work together to create something more than that.

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orthography \or-THAH-gruh-fee\ noun. 1 a : the art of writing words with the proper letters according to standard usage. b : the representation of the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols. 2 : a part of language study that deals with letters and spelling.

Bird's-eye View. When photographing a subject from above, it is known as a “bird's-eye view”. ...

Becoming the Subject. This point of view tends to be the most effective, especially when photographing human subjects. ...

Eye Level. This is the most common way to photograph a subject. ...

Worm's-eye View.

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel). A good way to check for barrel distortion is to look for parallel lines in the area you are shooting and see if the lines appear parallel in your image.

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Pincushion distortion produces the opposite effect from barrel distortion. Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.

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1. a camera setting corresponding to a particular f-number.

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focal point. noun. Also called: principal focus, focus the point on the axis of a lens or mirror to which parallel rays of light converge or from which they appear to diverge after refraction or reflection. a central point of attention or interest.

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1. the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera.

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Bokeh is defined as “the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.” Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph.

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Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly

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In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. For any given brightness of light, the camera has been programmed to set a specific combination of shutter speed and aperture. In low light, for example, the camera might set 1/30 second and f4.

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Manual Exposure is when the photographer manually sets the aperture, ISO and shutter speed all independently of each other in order to adjust exposure. This gives them full creative control over the output of the image. See Shutter Speed, Aperture, and ISO for more information.

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Shutter priority (usually denoted as S on the mode dial), also called time value (abbreviated as Tv), refers to a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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In digital photography, camera technology now features modes that can help adjust those settings for you. One of those modes is aperture priority. With it, the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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What Is Bulb Mode on a Camera? Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed (that means pushed down, not sad…). You can use bulb mode by choosing manual mode or shutter priority, then start scrolling your selector wheel all the way to the end of the shutter speeds.

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What is motion blur? Motion blur is a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image. “It gives us the ability to see things in a way that we can't on our own,” says photographer Chris Sidla.

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Monopods are similar to tripods, albeit with 1/3 the leg in that they usually use a quick release plate to affix the camera to a head that is screwed into the leg. Monopods can be advantageous in that they are often allowed in places that tripods aren't but stabilization is required for crisp shots.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp.

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence.

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Light painting is a photographic technique where light is “painted” or “drawn” into the photograph using a hand held light source during a long exposure.

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What is panning photography? Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline. With the face properly exposed, the area around the back and hairline will become over-exposed.

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white.

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Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light. Any photo that uses shadows as a prominent part of the composition — to enhance the contrast of a subject or as the subject itself — is shadow photography.

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midtone (plural midtones) (photography, art) A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama. If a photo has poor dynamic range, the image can appear flat or gray.

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the gradual darkening of the edges of an image, while maintaining a bright center. You can apply a vignette to any iPhone photo using most all-purpose iPhone photo editing apps.

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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the process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures. Cinematographers and photographers either bracket the camera's aperture, ISO, or shutter speed for varying exposures

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a number that represents a combination of a camera's shutter speed and f-number, such that all combinations that yield the same exposure have the same EV (for any fixed scene luminance).

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure

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the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo.

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a preset layout for the various elements that make up Photoshop's interface. Workspaces determine which of Photoshop's panels are displayed on your screen and how those panels are arranged. A workspace can also change which tools are available in the Toolbar and how the Toolbar is organized.

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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Menu Bar. This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files. The Image menu allows you to make various adjustments like image size, while the Filter menu gives you access to more advanced tools and effects.

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Essentially, an Options bar is a horizontal menu at the top of the main Photoshop window that lets you customize a tool. Let's see an Options bar in action. Select the Rectangular (or any other) Marquee tool. At the top of the Photoshop window, you'll see a new row of icons and settings display.

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To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the image subject, or change the size or aspect ratio. In other words, image cropping is the act of improving a photo or image by removing the unnecessary parts.

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Aspect ratio in photography and video is the relationship between the width and height of the image or video being displayed. Aspect ratios are most commonly shown as units of width and height separated by a colon. However, they can also be displayed as a single number that equates to the width divided by the height.

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Resolution is a measurement of the number of pixels -- picture elements or individual points of color -- that can be contained on a display screen or in a camera sensor. In practical terms, resolution describes the sharpness, or clarity, of an image or picture.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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The Photoshop File Format describes the Photoshop PSD and PSB native file format in detail. Other Document File Formats discusses Photoshop's handling of the EPS and TIFF file formats, which Photoshop can also create and read.

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RAW files contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data, allowing photographers to capture practically every detail they see in their viewfinder. The RAW file format stores the largest amount of detail out of any raster file type, which photographers can then edit, compress, and convert into other formats.

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What is a PNG file? PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it ca

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What is a PNG file? PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) files are one of the most common ways to store digital photos. Many modern cameras use them to shoot and store images. JPEGs go through a compression process to significantly reduce the image file size — making them easier to store and load on webpages.