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A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

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The term 35mm photography can mean a lot of different things — but most often, it will refer to either a type of focal length on a lens or format of film photography.

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A camera fitted with two lenses optically corrected to make them identical in their application.

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The gelatin silver process is about reducing light-sensitive silver salts suspended in a gelatin emulsion into pure silver. After the silver salts, or silver halides, are suspended in the flexible gelatin emulsion, it’s then coated onto a transparent base to make a film. Because these silver salts are suspended within the gelatin emulsion, it gives the film an incredible shelf life.

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A curator searches and collects the most appropriate and effective images for an intended use.

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A gallery , either in a building or on the internet , where photographs are on display

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When a painting, sculpture, or object of interest is exhibited, it is put in a public place such as a museum or art gallery so that people can come to look at it.

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A building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photography studio is a workspace specifically designed and built for the purpose of taking photographs.

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a point that continues; it implies motion. Lines are open and lead the eyes into a photograph or to an interesting point of the photo.

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the two-dimensional appearance of objects as your camera captures them

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a component of light that is separated when it is reflected off of an object. Color begins with light. The color we see is influenced by the characteristics of the source and what it reflects off. Wavelengths of reflected light determine what color we see.

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a component of light that is separated when it is reflected off of an object. Color begins with light. The color we see is influenced by the characteristics of the source and what it reflects off. Wavelengths of reflected light determine what color we see.

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defines how light or dark a given color or hue can be. Values are best understood when visualized as a scale or gradient, from dark to light. The more tonal variants in an image, the lower the contrast. When shades of similar value are used together, they also create a low contrast image

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when shape takes on three dimensions. Form is created by shadows and highlights on an object in the photograph. You can see in these two photos how shape becomes form when light hits the subject.

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the direction the subject of the photograph is moving in, or even just looking in. If you photograph a runner, the rule says that you should have more space in front of the runner than behind, thus giving him space to move into within the picture. Negative space which is the the space around the main subject in your photo (the main subject is known as the "positive space").

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a composition technique that arranges elements within the frame to achieve equal visual weight across the image. The visual weight of an element essentially measures how much attraction it draws from the viewer.

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the principle of art that adds interest to an artwork. Variety works through juxtaposition and contrast. When an artist places different visual elements next to one another, he/she is using variety. Straight lines next to curvy lines add variety.

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a regularity within a scene. It's elements of the scene that repeat themselves in a predictable way. Pattern can be found everywhere and is commonly seen within shapes, colours or textures.

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comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole. We generally think of comparing size when talking about proportion. By comparing the size of one object to another, it can give more or less importance to it.

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elements of a photo that are moving (or appear to be moving). So you might portray movement by capturing an image of a skateboarder in the air, or a car driving

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one that is so well presented, where no part of it feels out of place or unnecessary. This can be translated through simplicity, or bringing parts together to form a whole to create 'harmony'.

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draws viewers into your image and holds them there long enough to tell your story. It adds visual weight to your main subject and tells viewers what to focus on.

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the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis

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unequal visual weight on either side

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combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image

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images created using photography materials and equipment that don't have an immediate association with the physical world.

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Cool colors are more subdued and gentle. For example, blues, greens, and purples are cool colors.

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a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point

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Warm colors are red, yellow, and orange. These colors are considered dominant because they reach our eyes before the cooler colors do.

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Neutral tones are the color of sand, water, or fog. These tones often range on the warmer scale and are opposite to bold colors associated with dramatic tonal differences.

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Complementary colors are opposite one another on the color wheel they can be used very effectively in visual art, including photography. When juxtaposed, complementary colors make each seem brighter and more vivid, creating a powerful visual effect.

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Monochromatic colors are different shades of one color. Black and white photos are a great example of the monochromatic technique.

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Gradients, also known as color transitions, are a gradual blending from one color to another color.

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Constructive criticism is clear, direct, honest, and easy to implement. It provides specific examples and actionable suggestions for positive change.

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The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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Moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

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(of a person or their judgment) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.

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Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.

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Basically, copyright law says that when you take a photograph, you become the copyright owner of the image created.

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A symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open. While there are other forms of composition, the rule of thirds generally leads to compelling and well-composed shots.

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Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image

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The golden ratio is a guide to where to place a subject (a tree, person, building, etc.) or element in a photo (like the horizon) where it will be most pleasing to the eye. That divine ratio is 1.618:1. The first recorded definition of the golden ratio came from Euclid in the 3rd Century BC.

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Negative space photography is related to minimalist photography. It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject. The viewer's eyes may be drawn to a central figure, but they can't help noticing the large section of emptiness that surrounds and defines that figure.

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Positive space refers to the subject or areas of interest in an artwork, such as a person's face or figure in a portrait, the objects in a still life painting, or the trees in a landscape painting.

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Backlight in photography involves positioning the main light source for a photograph behind the primary subject.

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Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something. Sunlight through a sheer curtain is diffused. Light from behind a lampshade is diffused compared to the direct light of a bare bulb. The lampshade softens and scatters the light.

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Ambient light is any light a photographer or cinematographer did not bring to the shoot. Also known as available light, it's any light that you haven't set up yourself. This includes natural light or even pre-existing lighting built in and around the location where you're shooting.

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Chiaroscuro is a renaissance painting technique which literally means “light-dark” in Italian. What I like to call atmospheric chiaroscuro is more immersed in the style of Caravaggio (1571-1610)—darker backgrounds but also high contrast between highlights and shadows with harmonious saturated tones.

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A silhouette is a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background. Silhouette pictures usually show the subject in profile.

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images. The word itself comes from ancient Greek. Think of diptychs as collages.

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A photographic triptych is a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three.

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Projection of a single view of an object (such as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface.

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel). A good way to check for barrel distortion is to look for parallel lines in the area you are shooting and see if the lines appear parallel in your image.

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Pincushion distortion is where straight lines bend or “pinch” inward from the center of the image. Usually pincushion distortion happens at the telephoto end (ie. 200mm) of a zoom lens such as a 70-200mm lens. It can actually be great for portraits because it can make people look thinner than they are!

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The “f” in f-stop stands for the focal length of the lens. While focal length itself refers to the field of view of a lens, f-stop is about how much light you allow to hit the sensor via the aperture opening.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16.

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Bokeh is defined as “the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.” Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph.

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Depth of field is the area of acceptable sharpness in front of and behind the subject which the lens is focused. Put simply, it refers to how blurry or sharp the area is around your subject. A shallow depth of field refers to a small area in focus. Often the subject is in focus, while the background is blurred.

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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Film grain is the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion. These light-sensitive silver halides change into pure metallic silver when exposed to light, which is how an image is captured on film. So, grain is an inherent part of a film image.

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Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly.

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Manual Mode is the most control you can have over your camera. You have complete control of the shutter speed, aperture, ISO, and white balance.

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When in this mode the photographer chooses the aperture and the camera choose the shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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Shutter Priority Mode is where you choose the shutter speed and the camera picks the corresponding aperture and ISO.

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Program Mode is where the camera unlocks features like the ISO and the white balance but the rest of the camera settings are chosen by the camera.

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Shutter speed is the amount of time the camera sensor is exposed to light.

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Bulb mode controls the shutter speed and it allows you to manually choose how long you want your shutter speed by holding down the shutter button for how ever long you'd like.

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Motion blur is when you photograph with long shutter speeds to be able to capture motion in your picture.

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A tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera.

A monopod, also called a unipod, is a single staff or pole used to help support cameras, binoculars, rifles or other precision instruments in the field.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp.

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Time-lapse photography is used to capture change or movement that occurs over a long period time.

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Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.” A light painting photographer opens a camera's shutter and keeps it open as they draw in the air with a light source.

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Use Burst mode with Camera to capture a moving subject, or when you want to take multiple high-speed photos so that you have a range of photos to choose from. You can take Burst photos with the rear and front-facing cameras.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white.

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In spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active AF point.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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Center weighted metering is a camera metering mode. Center weighted metering places the highest importance in determining a correct exposure on information contained in the center of the frame.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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Midtone (plural midtones) (photography, art) A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama. If a photo has poor dynamic range, the image can appear flat or gray.

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Shadows are the darkest areas in an image.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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Basically, when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing. As a result, it's much less likely that you'll end up with a badly underexposed or overexposed photo.

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Exposure meter, also called light meter, photographic auxiliary device that measures the intensity of light and indicates proper exposure (i.e., the combination of aperture and shutter speed) for film or image sensors of a specific sensitivity. (18% grey)

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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A white balance card (or gray card) helps you adjust the white balance and exposure settings of images by providing a reference point. The reference point prompts your camera to compensate for any white light on an image.

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The workspace switcher is on the tp right corner of photoshop right next to the search button. It switches from different workspaces that fit the tools you would need for certain projects.

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The Toolbar is what you use to edit your photos. It is all of your tools.

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.

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The Menu Bar is where you can open and close files and etc.