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mutagens are what causes different kind of mutations. this can be; physical mutations and chemical mutation.

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1 physical mutagens; mutagens that can physically change the structure of dna. ex xrays
2 chemical mutations; mutagens that can enter the nucleus of a cell and induce mutations by reacting chemically with the dna. more than 50 cpds of this found in cigarette smoke.

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a genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide. ( point variant )
ex sickle cell disease is caused as a result of this.

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a mutation that leads to a shortened protein due to the introduction of a stop codon.

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mutation that change the amino acid sequence of a protein. or it produces an amino acid that is different from the amino acid in that position.

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mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. example change of AUG would not have as much effect.

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1= frameshift
2= silent mutation
3= missense mutation
4= nonsense mutation
5= point mutation

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inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides. it changes the reading frame like changing a sentence.
proteins built incorrectly.

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change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. it can be caused  as a result of copying errors,chemicals,viruses etc
it can be divided into 5 parts as well.

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failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis. it causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes.

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involves two chromosomes that are not homologous.part of one chromosomes is transferred to another chromosomes.

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happens when a gene sequence is repeated

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chromosome segments breaks off, segment flips around and reattaches.

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when a piece of chromosome is lost due to breakage.

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chromosome mutation; is changing the structure of chromosome and it involves many genes and it can be divided into 5 

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chromosome mutation; is changing the structure of chromosome and it involves many genes and it can be divided into 5 

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1= deletion
2= inversion
3= translocation
4= nondisjunction
5= duplication

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1 = chromosome mutation
2 = single gene mutation

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mutations can be passed on generation or can be lost and not transferred in to the offspring.

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somatic mutations can cause skin cancer and leukemia.some mutations can improve organism's survival which happens during species evolution.

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MUTATION; is a change in the dna sequence of an organism. or can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division.

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MUTATION; is a change in the dna sequence of an organism. or can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division.