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1. I took away how we should consider introducing the concept of racial injustice to children at a very young age considering they become aware of race-based differences at 6 months old.
2. The Doll test demonstrated how children are aware of how different races are perceived at a young age.
3. The experiment with Jane Elliot and Oprah expressed how some people can't take off their green collar (their skin color) and have to endure that type of unfair treatment every day of their lives and they were infuriated after an hour.

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1. I learned about the racism and history of black children's literature. For much of the 20th century, Black characters were largely absent from children's literature or were depicted in stereotypical and offensive ways when they did appear.
2. Studies continue to show books featuring characters of color are still underrepresented on bookshelves, and the majority of children's books continue to be written and illustrated by white authors and illustrators
3. The children always attributed the worst traits to the black doll, even though they all identified that the black doll looked like them. It shows that the effects of racial classification are still present and psychologically damaging our society today.

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1. A big takeaway from this module to me was the importance of having characters that represent the black community that are in depth and not just token characters.
2. I learned that though we've been taking great steps as a society in representing black people and culture, now we need to do a better job on normalizing them in media and not just use their stories to sensationalize their pain.
3. I was also shocked to learn how such a low percentage of main characters in books are black.

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1. The video of the doll test really exposed how children think of themselves depending on the color of their skin and it's really sad to listen to how these black children see themselves due to society.
2. While we aren't actively teaching prejudice, children pick up on how things and people are treated which affects how they see themselves.
3. The under-representation in books was mind-blowing. The positive characters shown as black people were almost non-existent so if children don't see that, they will continue to repeat the bad behavior they see

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1. After watching the ted-talk "representation matters:diversity in children's literature" we learned how important culture representation is.
2. Seeing the doll test that demonstrated how children as young as 3 years of age can already internalize racial biases was disheartening.
3. Being able to see statistics of how minuscule the poc community is in representation in books. The fact the majority is either white or animals was very shocking.

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1. The first key takeaway was that children are taught  prejudice at a young age. In the doll test, we are shown that little kids are already adopting these disgusting narratives.
2. Another major takeaway was when we saw that these reactions to the dolls are still the same reactions to the dolls recently. People assume that we are progressing, but in all actuality people are the same, not enough progress has been made.
3. Black people are underrepresented in books. Main characters in books are mostly white, therefore, black people are not being accounted for in literature.

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1. Less than 2% black characters are featured as major characters in book.
2. The clark Doll test shows how children think and believe in stereotypes as such a young age.
3. The Clark Doll test measured the attitude and opinion of children had on both white and black dolls.

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Module 4 Takeaways
1. I was able to learn about the black doll, white doll test. It was shocking to know that the experiment was redone recently and that the results were all the same. Darker skin colors need to have more representation because otherwise, it leads to children associating darker skin all these negative stereotypes.
2. I also learned about how the Civil Rights Movement increased the need for diversity in children's education. It led to books like The Snowy Day by Ezra Jack Keats which was the first children's book that had Black characters. Books that showcase a variety and diverse group of characters help children feel loved and belonged.
3. Finally, I learned about racial stereotypes that were in children's books. These books portray the black community in a very negative manner.

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1. I learned that there is a huge discrepancy when it comes to racial and gender equality in new book main characters even today.
2. Starting from a early age, children can start to identify racial bias.
3. The Doll test is a very important and showed that kids already can pick out racial bias, that demonstrate the cultures view of racial stereotypes.

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1. African characters in children's literature were either entirely absent throughout much of the 20th century or, when they were there, were portrayed in stereotyped and unpleasant ways. Due to restrictions on publishing and distribution as well as prohibitions from libraries, schools, and book stores, there was also minimal awareness among readers.

2. The psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark carried out The Clark Doll Experiment in the 1940s. The experiment's goal was to gauge Black children's opinions regarding race and their perceptions of themselves. In the study, Black children were shown Black and White dolls and questioned about which doll they liked better, which doll they thought was nice or evil, and which doll most closely resembled them.

3. There are already a lot of children's books accessible with Black characters and views, but there is still a long way to go until there is genuine representation and diversity in children's literature.

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1. I learned that less than 2% black featured characters as major characters in books, which is sad because books act as a window/mirrors. If black people are not presented in books, then it can help them feel less confident and feel like not much.
2. I learned about the Clark Doll experiment which I found to be very disappointing because people should not be judged based on color or race.
3. Diverse books can also help with emotional and intellectual development.

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1. The ted talk, "Representation Matters: Diversity in children's literature" has many key components on how important culture representation is. It creates a bond with the character because it has relatability making it feel involved.

2. The doll test made children of color feel bad about themselves since they kept selecting the white doll. It made them feel less than the other which isn't good so more multicultural books are needed to help kids feel more involved and be proud of themselves.

3. The book, "Dream a Rainbow and Turtle with the Afro" are great books that make black children feel empowered, visible and represented. Its unfortunate how black children do not always feel validated in literature and sadly black children learn from society, books and media at a young age their skin color is something not to be appreciated, loved and proud of.

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1. In children's literature, black characters were absent for majority of the 20th century, and it steadily increases as time goes on. The first book with a black character that was not portrayed in a harmful and stereotypical way was in 1962, and it came to be the most influential book for black children's literature.
2.  Stereotypes play a huge role in how young children see and view their own selves and cultures. Many black children's books in the 20th century included extremely harmful stereotypes, and that not only depicted how young children saw themselves, but how other groups of people saw the black community.
3. Stereotypes present in literature and media results in racial injustice, discrimination  or inequality based on a person's race or ethnicity. Through children's literature, racial injustice can be fought by breaking stereotypes and introducing the topic to them in a way that they will understand.
4. "The Clark Doll Experiment" was an experiment done on young black children where they were asked a series of questions about which dolls they preferred, asked to show the nice doll, the bad doll, the ugly doll ,etc., and there were two dolls: a black doll and a white doll. The children would give the white doll the good prejudices and the black doll the bad ones, showing that racism had a negative impact on the children's self esteem.

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1. Black children's literature has a long history and focuses on filling in the blanks left by the absence of Black characters. It also aims to offer encouraging examples because Black characters are typically portrayed in derogatory and negative ways.
2. Government agencies or racist individuals do not always commit acts of racial injustice. It is a widespread problem, and many children's books contain overt examples of racial bias. Writing and promoting authors who embrace the ideal of racial equality in all spheres requires deliberate action.
3. The "Clark Doll Experiment," a quick psychological test, demonstrates how kids pick up on the prejudices of those around them. It also demonstrates how racial categorizations of "good and bad" can be linked to negative self-perception.

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Key Takeaways
1) In this Module I was able to review the history of America pertaining to history of black children in the 20th century. I was able to see that statistics of how much black children were actually represented in children's literature and it was shocking to say the least.
2) In this module I also learned about an experiment which was called “The Clark Doll Experiment” which was an experiment used to measure the self perception of black children and their attitudes towards race. The results showed a larger proportion associating positive traits with the white doll rather than the black doll.
3) I learned how the Clark Doll Test showcased exactly to what extent children have picked up on the prejudices presented to them by society. It’s clear how much more progress can be made so no children of color feel inferior or less than.

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Module 4 (Rep. of Black Characters)

1. I learned that the first childrens book that featured black characters was A Snowy Day in 1962.

2. I was able to read two childrens books that positively represent Black characters in childrens books.

3. I learned about the Clark Doll Test experiment. This test measured the self perception of black children an their attitudes towards races.

4. I was able to watch a video on how The Clark Doll Test is conducted.

5. I learned how Black characters are negatively portrayed and not positively represented in childrens book.

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1. In the early 1990's  out of the 2,500 to 3,500 children's books published yearly, less than 2% featured the Black characters as major characters.
2.Books have the potential to aid young readers with socialization and the potential to reflect young readers' self image, attitude, and emotional and intellectual development. With little representation of black characters, it is important to recognize that black children deserve to read books with multilayered characters, interesting plots, beautiful language, realistic dialogue and complex issues which are similar to the issues they are dealing with in their lives .
3. The Clark Doll Test demonstrates that racism does have a impact on how children perceive themselves since even though the darker doll resembled the black children more they still said the lighter doll was prettier.

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1. Racial injustice results in discrimination and unequal opportunities in education, employment, housing, and the criminal justice system.
2. The Clark Doll Experiment was designed to measure Black Children's self-perception and attitudes towards race.
3. The Snowy-day by Ezra Jack Keats, which was published in 1962, was one of the first children's books to positively portray in a non-stereotypical way of a black child. This was only 60 years ago.

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1.  The major takeaway from this module is when Black characters or African American characters are depicted as bad people and have some sort of bias towards them. Especially in children's literature this will teach students to treat their fellow classmates differently and a child of color will think they are bad people just because of their skin color.
2. Racial bias and discrimination is learned and taught. Through our education system where there are racist books, underrepresenting different cultures and inequality of learning leads to an increase of prejudice that furthers into society and jobs.
3. I had watched the Clark doll experiment again and it honestly really devastating how young children will look at themselves and say they are bad just because their skin is darker than others. This shows evidence how internalized racism starts at a young age.

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1. By ages 2 to 4, children can internalize racial bias. By age 12, many children become set in their beliefs. Parents can help their children by molding the learning process and decreasing racial bias.
2. The doll test is clinical evidence that racism and self hate is subtly inherent throughout society.
3. In the past,racist stereotypes in books were readily accepted and published without a second thought. The consequences were damaging to the youth who read them.

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1.     Black representation in children’s books promos diversity and inclusion.

2.     Black representation in children’s books help black children to build self-esteeem and positive identity.

3.     Lack of representation of black in literature causes the dangerous situation as a single story.

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Key Takeaways:
1) Black Children's Literature has a rich history that focuses on filling the gaps where Black characters were often left out. It also aims to provide positive examples since Black characters were usually depicted in an offensive and negative manner.
2) Racial injustice is not just something that is initiated by government entities or bigoted individuals. It is a systemic issue and traces of racial biases line the pages of many children's books. It takes deliberate steps to write and support authors that see the vision of racial equality in all aspects.
3) A simple psychological experiment coined "The Clark Doll Experiment" shows how children absorb the biases of others around them. It also shows how labels of "good and bad" can be intertwined with race which can result in negative self-perception.

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1. Julius Lester paved the way for black authors because he addressed topics that needed to be brought to light like racial injustice and civil rights. Even now, after the deaths of George Floyd and many other black men and women due to police brutality, children's literature has a space for kids to understand these complex topics in a way that makes sense and educates them.
2. The Clark Doll Test is horrifying to watch as we see how society has perpetuated this stereotype of the black community being evil, dirty, unworthy, and harmful. It gives society a shock because we realize how we've plagued our children's brains and taught them to hate themselves.
3. Children are set in their ways and mindset by age 12, which is a negative aspect for both those oppressing and being oppressed. Children who are learning racist behaviors and oppressive behaviors by age 12 will usually take a while to unlearn them while those being oppressed "learn" that society doesn't want them, which is untrue. Children's words can be harmful, while they're young and make mistakes, it's important to teach them to respect other people in all aspects because we can avoid racism and oppressive behaviors later on.

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1. How Black Children's Literature is underrepresented, with some statistics like how in the early 1990s, only 2% of books had a Black character as a major character.
2. How early children learn racial injustice and incorporate it into their lifestyle. For instance, how a 6 month old baby can notice race-based differences, and how by ages 2-4, they internalize racial beliefs.
3. What the Clark Doll Experiments were, and how at a young age, children already have racial biases and even self-hatred if they believe that they are bad people solely based on skin color.

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1. The results of the Clark Doll Test relate to the importance of representation and diversity in children's literature because if we don't represent then we can't accept ourselves.
2. There has been a lot of progress to bring out diversity and inclusivity in Children's literature; however, in places where multicultural is not an option, Children will always think of white as superior and themselves as inferior - same applies to gender representation as well.
3. A baby as young as 6 months can detect  different races. The process of learning racial bias is like learning a new language so we should start young to prevent children from intaking any racial bias.

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1. Black Children's literature is a category of literature written by and for African American children that reflects their culture, experiences, and perspectives. It aims to empower, inspire, and educate children of color, while also providing a platform for Black authors, illustrators, and publishers to share their work.
2. Bias in Black children's literature can manifest in various forms, such as limited representation, stereotyping, and the perpetuation of racial and cultural tropes. It is crucial to ensure that Black children's literature represents a diverse range of experiences and perspectives, challenges stereotypes, and promotes positive representation to help young readers develop empathy and understanding towards diverse cultures and identities.
3. The doll test demonstrated that children as young as three years old can internalize racial biases and stereotypes, highlighting the importance of addressing and actively challenging these attitudes through education and positive representation.

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1. Racial injustice is unequal treatment towards people based on different race in regards to education, employment, and the education system.

2. The Clark doll test demonstrates the negative impact racism has within children's perceptions of themselves.

3. Exposure of biased illustrations in children's books have a negative impact on children's self-esteem and self-worth.