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Drug-Related Incarcerations Among Black People

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Drug-Related Incarcerations Among Black People

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Black Latinx individuals experience 1.8 times the severity of a drug-related charge by police than their White and non-Latinx counterparts.

Non-black Latinx individuals have 1.6 times the severity of a drug-related charge.

Potential organizational dynamics that go on between prosecutors and police that could explain the unequal and unfair system that affects Black and Black Latinx individuals.

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- Will speak off the cuff and reflect on what has been covered on the presentation.

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- multiple studies from multiple jurisdictions on racial disparities were viewed and read.
- Unclear on the existence of racial disparities among Black defendants.
- Social contexts may be the culprit in the conclusion that inequality among Black individuals and incarceration is due to their behavior and type of crime that they commit.

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What course-related topics will be covered:

Kimberle Crenshaw "The Urgency of Intersectionality"

Chimamanda Adichie's "The Danger of a Single Story"

"What Am I? (Afro-Latino)"

"Virginia residents talk candidly about racism, August 12, 2019"

"How You See Me" (Asian & Arab)

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- Top left graph indicates large number of non-college educated black people are placed in prisons than those of white people.
- College educated white and black individuals are less likely to be admitted into prison.
- College educated black people still are higher than white people.
- Ratios in bottom graph trend upward.

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- Disproportionate incarceration rates among black people can trace back to the Reconstruction Era (1868-1877).
- Rapid growth of this disproportion happened in the first half of the twentieth-century.
- Great Black migration (1910s -1970) was relevant at that time.
- The latter half of the century saw racial inequality in incarceration at a static high rate.
- Class inequality spread instead.

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Racial & Class Inequality Among Black People in the Justice System

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Racial & Class Inequality Among Black People in the Justice System

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- Class inequality has surged compared to racial inequality.
- Regardless of higher education, black people still face a higher chance of a family member being arrested and imprisoned when compared to lower-educated white people.
- Poor people tend to be the victim of high incarceration.
- Black Americans disproportionate wealth compared to white people perpetuates higher incarceration.

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What will be covered:
- Racial and class inequality details.
- Historical context.
- Statistics on disproportionate arrests and incarcerations.
- Specified disproportionate incarcerations.
- References to course topics covered.
- Arguments that speak to the contrary.
- Commentary and conclusion.

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Term coined by Kimberle Crenshaw.

Explains the crossroads of discrimination based on race, sex, gender, ethnicity, etc.

Can be an example of the black community being targeted and incarcerated more often and longer than white counterparts.

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Single stories of black individuals can perpetuate stereotypes.

Not only affects black Americans but any country in the world that has black individuals residing within them.

Telling more stories and recognizing the true values of black and African peoples can stop stereotypes and arguably end specified targeting of the demographic.

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Household, Income, & Imprisonment Relationship

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Household, Income, & Imprisonment Relationship

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- Share of households between the years 2006-2010.
- Calculation of the probability of imprisonment based on income and race.

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- More likely that the justice system sentences Black individuals to prison more than their white counterparts.
- Education plays somewhat of a factor in the numbers of incarceration, but the inequality still exists despite this.
- Correlates to the systems that were built hundreds of years ago where its purpose was to only benefit white people and treat any other non-white person, especially Black individuals, as the "other".
- Social contexts can play a part in how a ruling is decided and how long a person is sentenced.

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What does racism mean?

Who built the systems?

Why were these systems built?

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Crutchfield, Roberto D., et al. “Analytical and Aggregation Biases in Analyses of Imprisonment: Reconciling Discrepancies in Studies of Racial Disparity.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, vol. 31, no. 2, May 1994, pp. 166–82. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427894031002005

Johnson, Oshea, et. al. "Racial Ethnic Disparities in Police and Prosecutorial Drug Charging: Analyzing Organizational Overlap in Charging Patterns at Arrest, Filing, and Conviction." Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, vol. 60, no. 2, Mar. 2023, pp. 255-99. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278221120810.

Muller, Christopher, and Alexander F. Roehrkasse. "Racial and Class Inequality in US Incarceration in the Early Twentieth Century." Social Forces, vol. 101, no. 2, Dec. 2022, pp. 803-28. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soab141.

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Afro-Latinos or Black-Latinx individuals are impacted as much as black individuals in the prison system.

Being of a different ethnicity does not matter in the eyes of the prison system.

If the person looks black, then they will be targeted and share the same fate as any other non-latinx black individuals.

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Stereotypes often perpetuate notions of racism, prejudice, and discrimination.

For Asian Americans, stereotypes often include referencing them as looking the same.

For Arab Americans, stereotypes include the association of terrorism.

For Black Americans, stereotypes often include violent tendencies, dirty, unintelligent, etc..