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What do you think. What is the type of the speech?

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For many people, standing up in public and doing a speech is one of their greatest fears. For many language students in particular, this is the ultimate challenge.

Public speaking is at the top of the list of things that people fear. In fact a third of the population is estimated to experience excessive fears when speaking in front of a large audience.

In public speaking there are two forms of public speaking.

The   first   one   is   prepared   speech - the speaker was given the topic in advance, had time to do background research on it, and has practiced delivering the speech.

A prepared speech is the speaker here is given a time to prepare, to rehearse or sometimes  to memorize the speech before it is delivered to the audience, they have a lot of time

here in order to deliver their speech in front of

their   audience.

So   that's   what   we   called   the

prepared speech form the word itself prepare. Examples:

presidential address.

An actor or actress memorizing a script.

There are also  types of  prepared  speeches  it include manuscrip and memorized.

The  memorized  speech  is    it   talks   about  the speech that is recited from your memory .

And on manuscript speech. manuscript it is a written text that is read to an audience just like

the host

1. Who can give me an another  example?

The   second   form   of   speech   is   the

impromptu speech

Impromptu speech is a speech wherein the speaker here   has   no   time   to   prepare. That`s   their difference   that   prepared   speech   has   so much time to prepare but  in    impromptu speech you asked to speak  in the spot to a audience

2. Can you give an another definition?
3. Can give me an example of impromtu speech?

Go to the link to practice

https://www.liveworksheets.com/node/5195437

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Enjoy GIFs and stickers from your favorite Kapuso shows and celebrities!

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Let’s define the types of speeches.

There are 3 types

Informative - are meant to inform. They are meant to teach the audience about a specific topic. This could be a five-minute broad overview of the causes of the American Revolution or an hour-long deep dive into the space debris cleaning technologies. When writing an informative speech, you should focus on presenting facts or telling a story in a concise and engaging manner.

Persuasive - are meant to convince of something. This could be a short speech on the pros or cons of a specific topic or a longer one, in favor of a specific candidate for public office. When writing a persuasive speech your job is to use facts and opinions to convince your audience to come around to your way of thinking.

Special Occasion - are meant to entertain or pay tribute to a person, place, or institution. These are the speeches we hear at weddings, funerals, parties, etc. They do not need to inform, though they can do that too, their intent is to celebrate the person, place, or institution being commemorated at the event. There is no persuasion involved.

https://www.essaytigers.com/how-write-speech

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Useful language for presentations

How do you address everyone in a speech?

It is important to greet the audience by saying something like:

1. Hello ladies and gentlemen.

2. Good morning members of the jury.

3. Good afternoon esteemed guests.

4. Good evening members of the board.

5. Fellow colleagues Mr. Chairman/Chairwoman.

Explain what your presentation is about at the beginning:

I’m going to talk about ...
I’d like to talk about ...
The main focus of this presentation is ...

Use these expressions to order your ideas:

First of all, ...
Firstly, ...
Then, ...
Secondly, ...
Next, ...
Finally, ...
Lastly, ...
To sum up, ...
In conclusion, ...

Use these expressions to add more ideas from the same point of view:

In addition, ...
What’s more, ...
Also, ...
Added to this, ...

To introduce the opposite point of view you can use these words and expressions:

However, ...
On the other hand, ...
Then again, ...

click on to learn more
https://www.londonschool.com/blog/30-useful-phrases-presentations-english/

use idioms

Idioms

has the cat got your tongue?- question used when someone won’t speak.

gift of the gab- ability to speak freely and fluently about a certain topic.

talk until one is blue in the face- to talk to people without them listening or paying attention.

spill the beans- to tell people secret information.

spit it out- used to ask somebody to speak more quickly or tell something they don’t want to.

talk shop- to converse about work

Across the board - applying to all / totally.

"The coronavirus has affected society across the board"

bite somebody’s head off -to critisize or shout at somebody.

Practice with cards:

https://quizlet.com/ru/844553805/idioms-flash-cards/?i=526gv1&x=1jqt

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Find the meaning of Culture?

What are the main reasons for a company to start looking outside its domestic market?

What are some of the problems that might arise when marketing and advertising products  in

different countries?

What kind of cultural problems can arise when a company starts working internationally?

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1. Which speaker gave the best advice?

(Tolani Jason Vivek or Jenny)

2. Complete the advice shared by each person using the following words

(confident, content, credible, nerves, practice, prepare, smile, subject matter, yourself)

A. Tolani:

Don't be ... . ... and be ...

B. Jason:

Be ... . Use those ... to your advantage.

Make sure you know your ..you .

C. Vivek:

..., remember, you you're the most ... person in the room.

D. Jenny:

... , know you ... .

3. Do you agree or disagree with any of the advice given?

4. What skills do you think you need to be successful in a job interview?

5. What advice would you have for someone attending a job interview for the first time?

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Live From London - Business Presentations

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Speeches have different functions. These include being persuasive (e.g. trying to convince the audience to vote for you), informative (e.g. speaking about the dangers of climate change), entertaining (e.g. a best man’s speech at a wedding) or celebratory (e.g. to introduce the winner of an award). Some speeches may have more than one of these aims

Public   speaking-   the   act   or skill of speaking to a usually large group of people.

An   effective   way   of   the   oral communication with an audience

Discuss about

1. What is the meaning of public speaking?

2. Why is public speaking useful for you?

3. How does public speaking improve communication?

4. What are the Benefits of Public Speaking?

5. Do you find giving presentations enjoyable? Why? Why not?

6. What is the biggest/main problem that YOU face with Public speaking?

7. What skills does a good presenter need?

8. What is the role of body language in public speaking?

Let's watch a video

go to

https://youtu.be/sRr0koU3NDI?si=5dsrzCctWlTTQsvR

click on

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/professional-development/teachers/planning-lessons-and-courses/articles/public-speaking-skills

Let's play a game #Selling lab product

One player is the customer and chooses a product after spinning the letter wheel, the other has to sell it to her.

choose your role:

https://wheelofnames.com/xtf-w86

choose a product : f.e.

https://wheelofnames.com/3n4-h44

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The aim of this lesson is to enable students to briefly share information about giving presentations and presentation skills

What is the pursuit of happiness about?
Vocabulary

A dmire - to respect and approve of someone or their behavior;

D iligence - the quality of working carefully and with a lot of effort;

E arnestness - seriousness and zeal in intention, purpose, or effort;

T eam playing - someone who is good at working closely with other people;

S mart - having or showing a quick-witted intelligence.
garbage man - a person whose job is to collect the garbage
from containers outside houses and other buildings;

P ulled off - to succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected: won;

L et you know - to tell something to someone;

Circumstances - one's state of financial or material welfare.

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Let`s watch and answer the question.
What is the best advice for your first week on the job?

Demonstrate confidence

Remember people’s names

Understand and learn about people in the organisation

Be positive

Arrive on time and be punctual

Show enthusiasm

Have a good attitude and ask questions

Get a good sleep the day before

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Vocabulary meaning

Specifically - clearly, exactly, or in detail.
Illustrate - to show smth.
Finally - used to introduce a final point or reason.
to start with - as the first thing to be taken into account.
Outline - give a summary of.
Sum up - give a brief summary of something
Purposes - to the main idea or intention that the speaker is trying to convey to the listener

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Read the article.  Identify the part of the article that gives this information.

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True (T), False (F) or there is not enough information

1. Most companies only start working internationally when they have fully exploited their domestic market.

2. The best way 10 enter foreign markets is to set up subsidiaries in those countries.

3. Geert Hofstede was the first person to study the impact

of culture on working internationally.

4. Geert Hofstede found that values and beliefs in different parts of IBM across the world were different.

5. The biggest problem when working internationally is getting the marketing right.

6. China is the most difficult foreign country for Western companies to do business in.

7. Cultural diversity can be a benefit as well as a problem.

*Read the article again and answer these questions.

1. What is Geert Hofstede's nationality?

2. When did Hofstede carry out his research at

IBM?

3. Why was IBM a good company to choose for his research?

4. Why was 'Nova' a bad name for a car in Spanish -speaking markets?

5. Why was the lexus luxury car less successful in Europe than in the US?

6. What can companies do to be more successful when marketing products internationa Uy?

7. Why do Western companies have problems operating in

China?

8. What are some of the benefits of working across cultures?

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Let's start working on your elevator pitch
Answer the questions below
1. How long should an elevator pitch be?
2. What makes a good elevator pitch?
3. What is a tech talk?
4. What is a pain vs gain statement?

Vocabulary meaning

An elevator pitch—also known as an elevator speech—is a quick synopsis of your background, experience, and purpose. The reason it's called an elevator pitch is that it should be short enough to present during a brief elevator ride;

Boardroom -a room where the people who control a company or organization have meetings;

Gains – the benefits which the customer expects and needs, what would delight customers and the things which may increase likelihood of adopting a value proposition;

Pains – the negative experiences, emotions and risks that the customer experiences in the process of getting the job done;

V enture -  a new business that is formed with a plan and expectation that financial gain will follow (that involves risk or uncertainty);

Succinct [ s uh k-singkt ] - expressed in few words; concise; terse;

Tech Talk's are more detailed presentations regarding a specific problem your company or team faced, how you diagnosed the issue, and the steps you took to solve it;

Greed - a selfish and excessive desire for more of something (such as money) than is needed.

Induce -  to persuade someone to do something;

Irrefutable - impossible to deny or disprove

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Choose the right option

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DISCUSS

1. What do you think? What are the techniques of effective speech?

2. Can you identify what makes you successful?

LISTENING COMPREHENSION
True VS False. Oral presentation
Giving an oral presentation can be scary, but we're here to help you. Watch two students giving presentations in the video on our website and then read the tips below. Which tips do they follow? Which ones don’t they follow?
Use the planning time to prepare what you’re going to say.
1. If you are allowed to have a note card, write short notes in point form.
 2. Use more formal language.
 3. Use very informal language.
 4. Use short, simple sentences to express your ideas clearly.
 5. Pause from time to time and don’t speak too quickly. This allows the listener to understand your ideas. Include a short pause after each idea.
 6. Speak clearly and at the right volume.
 7. Have your notes ready in case you forget anything.
 8. Practise your presentation. If possible record yourself and listen to your presentation. If you can’t record yourself, ask a friend to listen to you. Does your friend understand you?
 9. Only look at your note card. It’s important to look up at your listeners when you are speaking
 10. Make your opinions very clear. Use expressions to give your opinion.
 11. Look at the people who are listening to you.
 12. Write out the whole presentation and learn every word by heart.
 13. Write out the whole presentation and read it aloud.

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What is a real life example of public speaking?

Have you ever had to give a speech?

What was your first public speaking experience like?

What you have learned in public speaking?

Do you have a fear of public speaking?

What is the most important thing in public speaking?

How do you plan and structure your presentation?

Can you describe your research paper in a few words?

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Go to Quizlet and choose the best explanation for each phrase from the article
<iframe src="https://quizlet.com/818138892/learn/embed?i=1ajg53&x=1jj1" height="500" width="100%" style="border:0"></iframe>

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Complete the sentences with the words in the text

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a. reposition
b. establish
c. overseas
d. subsidiaries
e. exploit

*B. Find words or phrases in the article which fit these meanings.

1. markets in foreign countries (paragraph A)

2. to use fully so you get as much advantage as possible from it (paragraph 8)

3. companies that are at least half owned and controlled by another company (paragraph C)

4. causes (a problem) (paragraph C)

5. ideas that you feel to be true (paragraph D)

6. the principles that influence the way of life of a particular group or community (paragraph D)

7. place reserved for one special group (paragraph G)

8. being faithful to a set of beliefs or a country (paragraph G)

9.  things that prevent or limit what you can do (paragraph H)

10. changing the way of marketing and advertising a product or a brand so that people think about it in a different way (paragraph H)

11. set up, create (paragraph H)

12. a style of management that shows you are clearly in charge (paragraph I)

13. to solve (paragraph I)

14. the mixing of the ideas of different groupsof people, which often produces a better result (paragraph K)

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In 1976, Edward T Hall developed the 'Iceberg Model of Culture' and explained that organizational culture is like an iceberg that's found in polar seas. What yo

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1. What are the positive aspects of working across cultures?

2. What are the challenges or difficulties of working across cultures?

3. The words in the box are all associated with culture. How would you explain or define each of them?

artefacts

assumptions

attitudes

behaviour

beliefs

dress

food

language

norms

traditions

values

4. A common image of cult ure is that of an iceberg. Look at the photo.

Why do you think that is?

5. Which of the words in question 3 associated with culture are above the surface of the iceberg of culture and are clearly visible, and which are below the surface and invisible?
For those below the surface, how far below the surface do you think they are? Say why.

6. What are some of the core values in your culture?

7. Some examples are given in the article about brands and products that have not transferred well to overseas markets.

Can you think of others?

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Match each of these statements to on e of 'The Big Five' personality traits: 

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emotional balance

extroversion

conscientiousness

agreeableness

openness to new experiences

Go to Quizlet.
Match the right option <iframe src="https://quizlet.com/818150141/match/embed?i=1ajg53&x=1jj1" height="500" width="100%" style="border:0"></iframe>

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1 In what ways do you think working internationally has changed in recent years?

2 What personal skills and qualities are important if you want to work successfully with people from other cultures?

3 What examples can you think of where differences in communication styles might cause problems when working across cultures?

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Read the article and choose the statement that expresses the ideas in the article most accurately.

1 Europeans find it hard to work with people from the Middle

East and Asia .

2 You need to adapt your behavior and communication style when working across cultures.

3 Maintaining group harmony is the most important quality needed by international managers.

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Complete the sentences.

Go to Quizlet.
Choose the right option <iframe src="https://quizlet.com/818150141/learn/embed?i=1ajg53&x=1jj1" height="500" width="100%" style="border:0"></iframe>

*Synonyms

Find words in the article which mean the same as these words

1 chiefs/bosses

2 fellow employees

3 abroad

4 customers

5 suppliers
6 24/7
7 managers
8 companies
9 study

10 by yourself

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1) How might people from one culture differ from people from another culture?

2) What do you think which countries the episodes come from and how they relate to culture?

3) Has the company achieved success due to its ability to adapt to other cultures?

4) Have you ever experienced another culture? Where?

5) Do these differences facilitate communication or create misunderstanding?

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1. What do you miss most about your own culture when you go abroad?

2. Why is cultural awareness important for business people? Give examples.

3. What is culture? Choose the four factors that you think are the most important in creating a culture. Give your reasons.

Clue:
climate behaviour and attitudes institutions architecture historical events social customs and traditions geography ceremonies and art festivals language religion cuisine

Culture
Culture comes in many shapes and sizes. It includes areas such as politics, history, faith, mentality, behaviour and lifestyle. The following examples demonstrate how a lack of cultural sensitivity led to failure.
- When colouring in 800,000 pixels on a map of India, Microsoft coloured eight of them a different shade of green to represent the disputed Kashmiri territory. The difference in greens meant Kashmir was shown as non-Indian, and the product was promptly banned in India. Microsoft was left to recall all 200,000 copies of the offending Windows 95 operating system software to try and heal the diplomatic wounds. It cost them millions.
- The fast food giant McDonald's spent thousands on a new TV ad to target the Chinese consumer. The ad showed a Chinese man kneeling before a McDonald's vendor and begging him to accept his expired discount coupon. The ad was pulled due to a lack of cultural sensitivity on McDonald's behalf. The ad caused uproar over the fact that begging is considered a shameful act in Chinese culture.
- A nice example of how pictures don't translate well across cultures is the time staff at the African port of Stevadores saw the 'internationally recognised' symbol for "fragile" (i.e. broken wine glass) and presumed it was a box of broken glass. Rather than waste space they threw all the boxes into the sea.
- When the US firm Gerber started selling baby food in Africa they used the same packaging as in the US, i.e. with a picture of a baby on the label. Sales flopped and they soon realised that in Africa companies typically place pictures of contents on their labels.
- Pepsodent tried to sell its toothpaste in South East Asia by emphasizing that it "whitens your teeth." They found out that the local natives chew betel nuts to blacken their teeth which they find attractive.
- The film "Hollywood Buddha" showed a complete lack of cultural sensitivity by causing outrage and protest on the streets of Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Burma when the designer of the film's poster decided to show the lead actor sitting on the Buddha's head, an act of clear degradation against something holy.
- The concept of Big Brother was somehow taken to the Middle East. The show was pulled of the air after its first few episodes due to public protests and pressure from religious bodies stating the show's mixed sex format was against Islamic principles.
- A golf ball manufacturing company packaged golf balls in packs of four for convenient purchase in Japan. Unfortunately, the number 4 is equivalent to the number 13 due it sounding like the word "death".  The company had to repackage the product.

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Business communication: staying in touch

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Vocabulary

in touch - to continue to talk to or write to someone.
acceptable - able to be agreed on; suitable.
affectionate - lovely/readily feeling or showing fondness or tenderness.
attachment - a computer file that is sent together with an email message
attach - to join in action or function; make part of:
hesitate - to have scruples or doubts; be unwilling:

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Discuss the following questions:
1. What problem is mentioned in the video and the reason why the conflict occurs.
2. What cultural differences can you think of about doing ingeneering business?
3. If someone from a very different culture were to visit your country on business, what advice would you give them? What would you tell a foreign visitor about 'good manners' in your country?

Clue:
Etiquette: Dos and dont`s manner and comportment, greeting, dress
Surprises: Give a speech spontaneously
Expectations: Local attitude to time and punctuality

4. How much do you think international business is improved by knowing about foreign people's customs?

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HSBC Funny Culture ads ( Subway, Bart, Golf )

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1. How do you think cultural differences can affect international business?

2. What positive and negative impacts can they have on business/work?

3. If you could be sent anywhere in the world to work, which country would you choose? What aspects of its culture do you particularly like?

Define

co-workers

superiors

subordinates

colleagues

body language

verbal behaviour

public relations

national stereotype

5. What impression do you try to give to the people you deal with in business?
6. What impression do you try not to give?

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How cultural differences affect business by business speaker Erin Meyer and check the ideas.

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The Culture Map: The Future of Management

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1. Prepare presentations about What equipment do you use in your lab?

Dear students!

You can use some tips with vocabulary clichés and phrases on YouTube

https://youtu.be/bgFNTuRYtKE?si=-iWmLOkFY9B_ql04

Each speech should be structured with three major parts: introduction, body, and conclusion.

All you need to do is follow the link below and read the rules.

-to get a structure for your presentation; find section "Communication

Presentation Tips"
to the link https://padlet.com/elenayukhmina/communication-gwg3pjovsts9emfp/wish/1792391448

*Practice with cards at home

go to: https://quizlet.com/ru/844555765/public-speaking-flash-cards/?i=526gv1&x=1jqt

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Homework:
prepare presentation about your current research work

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1. What is social etiquette?

2. How do the British greet someone for the first time?

3. How do they greet friends and relatives?

4. How can you describe a British?

5. What can you talk about with a British person?

6. What should you do when you visit a British person?

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a homework task
Choose a company where you would like to work and find out from what countries you have colleagues/business partners
to thoroughly research the local business and cultural features including:

History

Religion

Time

Gestures

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Cultures have visible and hidden elements. Visible cultural features include artifacts, symbols, and practices; art and architecture; language, colour, and dress; and social etiquette and traditions.

But visible cultural differences are only ten percent of our cultural identities: hidden cultural differences including values, assumptions, and beliefs represent the remaining ninety percent of our cultural identity.

Values are the central feature of a culture. They shape tangible cultural differences. For example, a cultural emphasis on success is reflected in achievement-orientated characteristics like competitive economic systems -for example, capitalism-, child-rearing practices that encourage and reward achievement, a high prevalence of status symbols such as luxury goods, heroes who have accumulated great wealth or fame, and the acceptance and promotion of assertive and ambitious behaviour.

The value in values

Focusing on a tangible culture feature (for example, dress) captures only a narrow aspect of a culture. Certain cultural values are emphasised in some elements, different cultural values in others. Collectively, the entire cultural system encourages, legitimises, and rewards a set of core cultural values. Thus, comparing differences in cultural values is the most efficient method of understanding cultural differences.

Cultural problems cannot be resolved at the surface. Focusing on the visible features of culture alone will not prevent misunderstandings and conflict. The less obvious elements of culture create the most difficulty when we interact with others, yet these are typically invisible and subconscious and are often overlooked.

Nine national cultural value differences

National values are shared ideas of what is good, right, and desirable in a society. They are a national society's preferences for managing external adaptation and internal integration challenges that threaten its survival. National values sit on a continuum between two contrasting approaches to a societal problem. Every nation sits somewhere between the opposing alternatives.

1. Individualism vs. Collectivism

In Individualistic societies, people define themselves in terms of 'I' and their unique attributes. Autonomy and independent thought are valued and the interests and goals of the individual prevail over group welfare. Personal attitudes and needs are important determinants of behaviour. Ties between members are loose. Nuclear families are more common than extended families. Love carries greater weight in marriage decisions and divorce rates are higher. Members of Individualistic cultures are likely to engage in activities alone and social interactions are shorter and less intimate, although they are more frequent.

In Collectivistic societies, people define themselves in terms of 'we' and their group memberships. Members are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Social interdependence and collective harmony are valued. Relational ties and obligations are important determinants of behaviour; group goals take precedence over individual goals. Shared living is emphasised. Extended families (with uncles, aunts, and grandparents) provide protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. There are lower divorce rates yet love carries less weight in marriage decisions. Members of Collectivistic cultures are likely to prefer group activities. Social interactions are longer and more intimate.

2. Power Distance

In high Power Distance societies, hierarchical systems of assigned roles organise behaviour. Power Distance is defined from below rather than above. In high Power Distance cultures, the less powerful members expect and accept inequalities. Power is perceived to provide social order, relational harmony, and role stability. The social hierarchy needs no further justification.

High Power Distance societies are differentiated into classes. They have stable and scarce power bases (for example, land ownership). Upward social mobility is limited. Only a few people have access to resources, knowledge, and skills. Different social groups have differential involvement in governance.

In low Power Distance societies, members believe that inequalities should be minimised. Power is seen as a source of corruption, coercion, and dominance. People recognise one another as moral equals with shared basic human interests. Members care about the welfare of others and cooperate with one another.

Low Power Distance societies have large middle classes. They have transient and shareable power bases (for example, skill, knowledge). There is high upward social mobility and a mass availability of resources and capabilities. Different social groups enjoy equal involvement in governance.

3. Uncertainty Avoidance

In weak Uncertainty Avoidance societies, members are comfortable with ambiguous and unknown situations. They are tolerant of change. Members hold multiple ideas as valid and accept different viewpoints. They are contemplative, emotionally stable, and relaxed.

Members of weak Uncertainty Avoidance societies prefer fewer rules. Rule-breaking is allowed. Exchanges are informal. Members prefer to rely on the word of others they trust rather than enter into contractual relationships. They are not concerned with orderliness and keeping written records.

In strong Uncertainty Avoidance societies, members are threatened by uncertainty, have an emotional need for predictability, and exhibit a high resistance to change. This resistance is expressed through nervousness, stress, and attempts to control the environment. Members formalise their interactions with others, verify communications in writing, and take more relatively more moderate and calculated risks.

In strong Uncertainty Avoidance societies, members hold rigid beliefs. There are strict behavioral norms, formal rules and law, and an intolerance of rule-breaking or unorthodox ideas or behaviours.

4. Orientation to Time

Cultures with a Future Orientation have a strong tendency and willingness to imagine future possibilities. Members set long-term goals, develop plans, and work hard and persevere to achieve their ambitions. They delay gratification and display a strong propensity to save and invest.

Members of Future Orientated societies are psychologically healthy and socially well adjusted because they feel in control of their lives, but they may neglect current social relationships and obligations, and can fail to 'stop and smell the roses'.

Members of Short-Term Orientated societies are more focused on the present and past than on the future. They value instant satisfaction. Members spend now rather than save for the future. They live in the moment and are not concerned with past or future anxieties.

On the flip side, members of Short-Term Orientated societies may engage in risky, pleasure-seeking pursuits and fail to recognise the negative longer-term implications of their indulgences.

5. Gender Egalitarianism

Biological constraints in childbearing have long dictated societal norms about the roles of men and women in many societies. But outside childbearing, sex-role distinctions are purely social constructions. Societies differ with respect to the extent to which they define different social and emotional roles for males and females.

In Low Gender Egalitarianism cultures, male social and emotional roles are different from females. Men are assertive, tough, competitive, and focused on material success. Women are modest, tender, and concerned with quality of life.

Low Gender Egalitarianism societies have few women in positions of authority, a low percentage of women in the labour force, and occupational sex segregation. In these societies, females have lower levels of education and literacy relative to males. In addition, women hold a lower status in society and play a smaller role in community decision-making compared with men.

In high Gender Egalitarianism cultures, male social and emotional roles are similar to female roles. Both men and women are modest, cooperative, tender, and concerned with quality of life and caring for the weak.

Compared to low Gender Egalitarianism societies, there are more women in positions of authority, a higher percentage of women participating in the labour force, and less occupational sex segregation. In addition, in high Gender Egalitarian cultures, females and males have similar levels of education and literacy. Women hold higher status and play a greater role in community decision-making compared with low Gender Egalitarianism cultures.

6. Assertiveness

Societies with low Gender Egalitarianism typically display high Assertiveness. These societies value assertive, dominant, and 'tough' behaviour in both genders. Strength is admired. Aggression is viewed positively (for example, aggression is associated with winning).

Members of high Assertiveness societies value competition and success. They expect demanding and challenging targets. Performance is rewarded and results are stressed over relationships. Members of high Assertiveness societies value what you do more than who you are. Members think of others as opportunistic. In communication, members of high Assertiveness cultures are direct and value expressing true thoughts and feelings.

In contrast, high Gender Egalitarianism overlaps with low Assertiveness. These societies view assertiveness as socially unacceptable. Members of low Assertiveness cultures emphasise modesty and tenderness. They associate competition with defeat and punishment. They stress equality and social solidarity. Low Assertiveness cultures value people, warm relationships, and cooperation. Members care more about who you are than what you do. In these societies, integrity, loyalty, and cooperation are stressed. People think of others as inherently worthy of trust.

In the workplace, low Assertiveness cultures emphasise seniority and experience. Merit pay is destructive to harmony.

Members from low Assertiveness cultures speak indirectly; they prefer 'face-saving' and subtlety, and value detached and self-possessed conduct.

7. Being vs. Doing

High Doing Orientated societies believe that people have control over their destiny-anyone can succeed if they try hard enough. A Doing Orientation encourages self-assertion to master, direct, and change the natural and social environment to achieve group or individual goals.

High Doing Orientated societies value initiative; members display a 'can-do' attitude. Societies with a Doing Orientation stress performance and encourage and reward innovation and excellence. These societies have a monochromatic (linear and limited) view of time and a high sense of urgency.

High Doing Orientated societies believe that schooling and education are critical for success. They value training and development.

A Being Orientation stresses fitting into the world as it is. Members focus on appreciating and understanding the world rather than trying to change, direct, or exploit it. Important values include world peace, unity with nature, and protecting the environment.

Members of Being Orientated societies have a high regard for quality of life and feel being motivated by money is inappropriate. These societies have a polychromic approach to time (unending and circular) and a low sense of urgency.

8. Humane Orientation

Members of high Humane Orientation societies believe that others are important. That concern extends to all people and all nature. High priority is given to altruism, benevolence, and love. Members are urged to be sensitive to all forms of racial discrimination. The need for belonging and affiliation motivates.

Members of high Humane Orientation societies are responsible for promoting the well-being of others. Personal and family relationships offer protection; the close social circle receives material, financial and social support and the state does not provide welfare. The children of high Humane Orientation societies participate in the labour force to help out their families. Children are expected to be obedient and parents closely control them.

As a general rule, members of high Humane Orientation societies are psychologically healthy.

Members of low Humane Orientation societies believe the self is important. They feel a predominant concern for self-enhancement and a high priority is given to personal pleasure and comfort.

Members of low Humane Orientation societies are less sensitive to racial discrimination and are motivated by power and possessions.

Individual members of low Humane Orientated cultures do not support others. Individuals are expected to solve personal problems on their own and the state (rather than friends or family) provides economic protection when needed.

The children of low Humane Orientation societies do not support their parents in their old age. In these societies, children are autonomous and family members independent.

Members of low Humane Orientation societies report more psychological and pathological problems than members of high Humane Orientation societies.

9. Indulgence vs. Restraint

Indulgence orientated societies encourage pleasure-seeking. Members pursue fun activities for the sake of personal enjoyment.

In contrast, Restraint societies believe that hedonistic pleasure needs to be curbed and regulated by strict social norms.

The danger in stereotyping

No cultural group is homogenous: there are individual differences in the thoughts and behaviours of members of every cultural group.

Cultural values do not allow one to predict the behaviour and responses of individuals with certainty, yet a working knowledge of how members of a cultural group, in general, think and behave provides a useful starting point for navigating intercultural interactions.

As we interact with diverse others using Cultural Intelligence, we test and reflect on the appropriateness of our cultural assumptions and experiment with alternative responses, actively constructing a cultural profile for each unique exchange.

Research

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (Vol. 3). New York: McGraw-Hill.

House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied psychology, 48(1), 23-47.

Schwartz, S. H. (2004). Mapping and interpreting cultural differences around the world. In H. Vinken, J. Soeters, & P. Ester (Eds.), Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective (pp. 43-73). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.

Schwartz, S. H. (2008). Cultural value orientations: Nature and implications of national differences. Jerusalum, Israel: The Hebrew University.

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Nine Cultural Value Differences You Need to Know

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There are nine cultural value differences that distinguish between nations.

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Read these statements. Can you remember or predict if they are true or false? Listen again to check
your ideas. Be ready to explain your answers.

1. The science of body language is called kinetics.
2. In Bulgaria, shaking and nodding your head have opposite meanings to what we expect.
3. Shrugging your shoulders has a very specific meaning in Greece and Italy.
4. Everyone in the English-speaking world agrees on what winking means.
5. Pointing is universal but people around the world do it in different ways.
6. Westerners might think a Japanese person is being unfriendly, when they really mean, “Come
here.”
7. The guest thinks that when gestures are translated into emojis, they change the way that some
people might understand them.
8. What sort of people would benefit from a good understanding of body language and gestures
within their own cultures and also around the world? How would they benefit?

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1) What do you think the words in bold in the article mean? Use the context to help you guess matching

1. come across:

2. fake:

3. convey:

A. behave so that people form a particular opinion of you (phrasal verb; note we can either follow this with an
adverb, as in the text, or use it like this: come across as honest/helpful/a bit stupid/other adjective)

B. communicate a message to others

C. not real, intended to trick or deceive someone (adjective)

2) Answer these questions in pairs or small groups. Give reasons and examples in your answers.
1. What new insights or understanding have you gained about body language from the podcast and
article?
2. Have there been any times in your life when you would have benefitted from a better
understanding of body language?
3. What gestures would be useful for visitors to your country to know?
4. Are you aware of any other gestures which have been turned into emojis? Do people use the
emojis in the same way as the gestures?
5. What other gestures would be helpful for people making presentations in formal business or
academic contexts?

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Answer the following questions:

·      What problem does this solve?

·      How was this problem addressed before this item existed?

·      Is this an invention or an innovation?

·      What do you think was the invention that caused what you have to be an innovation (what were the improvements)?

·      What else solves this problem?

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Soccer Ball that Generates Energy | The Henry Ford’s Innovation Nation

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What bugs you as you go about your day?

There are many problems we encounter throughout each day. Think about the places you visit each week such as
school, practice fields or gyms, clubs you belong to, music lessons, church, camps.
Briefly identify 3-5 problems and describe the questions you have related to each one. etc. What bugs you?

Possible Categories:
Agriculture and Food Animal Care and Pets Environmental and Sustainability Health and Medical
Home and Consumer Goods Home Organization Safety Sports, Games and Toys
Tools Transportation, Technology

Example:
Category: Safety
Problem : Students crossing streets near schools safely when it is
dark (in the morning)
Probing Questions:
● How far can drivers see when it is dark?
● How do crossing guards alert cars when a student is crossing the
street in the dark?
● How many students in the U.S. have been harmed when crossing
streets?

Now, you task to make your own invention and present.
You can walk around your home, writing down inventions that you see, possible problems that these inventions solved, and how life may have changed as a result of these inventions. You can share your findings on a shared drive and/or as part of an online meeting.
First of all, you have to, in groups of 3 or 4, make up your own inventions! You  have to brainstorm some ideas first on a separate piece of paper, then you have to fill in the make your own invention worksheet. For the reasons box, you have to tell the story of how they thought of your invention. Stress that they must use the past continuous.

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Body Language Vocabulary. A great video to learn some vocabulary for body language communication. A fun video to show that learning vocabulary can be fun!!

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1. In what way is body language a form of communication?

2. Do you think it is possible to misunderstand someone’s body language?

3. Describe a time you were late for an appointment