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Gilgamesh and "The Epic of Gilgamesh"

Tigay, Jeffrey H. The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002.

https://www.history.com/articles/sumer#Gilgamesh

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The Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt (2686-2181 BCE)

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The Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt (2686-2181 BCE)

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Age of the Pyramid Builders

https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/monuments/the-great-pyramid/

https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/monuments/the-great-pyramid/

https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/egypt-in-the-old-kingdom-ca-2649-2150-b-c

Baud, Michel. "The Old Kingdom." A companion to Ancient Egypt 1 (2010): 63-80.

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Hammurabi and "The Code of Hammurabi"

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/analysis-code-hammurabi

https://www.history.com/articles/hammurabi

Prince, J. Dyneley. "The code of Hammurabi." (1904): 601-609.

Horne, Charles F., and Claude Hermann Walter Johns. The code of Hammurabi. Forgotten Books, 1915.

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https://www2.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/homer/index.php?page=trojan

https://www.history.com/articles/trojan-war

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Founding of Zhou Dynasty in China and The Bronze Age

https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/zhou-dynasty/

https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/shang-and-zhou-dynasties-the-bronze-age-of-china

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https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/british_museum_olympic_games.pdf

https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/ancient-greek-olympic-games

https://www.olympics.com/ioc/ancient-olympic-games

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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/april-21/rome-founded

Fraschetti, Augusto. Foundation of Rome. Edinburgh University Press, 2019.

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Norris, Michael. “Life of Jesus of Nazareth.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jesu/hd_jesu.htm (originally published June 2008, last revised September 2008)

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/birth-jesus-christ

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“The Rise of Islam.” Livius, www.livius.org/articles/people/arabs/rise-of-islam/.

“The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 13 Feb. 2020, www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-prophet-muhammad-and-the-origins-of-islam.

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“The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 13 Feb. 2020, www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-prophet-muhammad-and-the-origins-of-islam.

Rana, Mahnoor. “What Is the Significance of Hijra in Islam?” Muslim Hands, 3 July 2024, muslimhandsusa.org/latest/2024/07/what-is-the-significance-of-hijra-in-islam.

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“Tang Dynasty.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 11 Oct. 2025, www.britannica.com/topic/Tang-dynasty.

“Tang Dynasty.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 28 May 2025, www.history.com/articles/tang-dynasty.

Art, Department of Asian. “Tang Dynasty (618–907).” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1 Oct. 2001, www.metmuseum.org/essays/tang-dynasty-618-906.

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“Gunpowder: Origins in the East.” Gunpowder: Origins in the East, Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World, webhelper.brown.edu/joukowsky/courses/13things/7687.html.

“Invention of Gunpowder and Guns: Research Starters: EBSCO Research.” EBSCO, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/invention-gunpowder-and-guns.

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“Song Dynasty (960–1279).” Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art, 4 Sept. 2020, asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/song-dynasty/.

“Song Dynasty.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 5 Nov. 2025, www.britannica.com/topic/Song-dynasty.

Asia for Educators, Columbia University. “China in 1000 CE.” Song Dynasty China | Asia for Educators, afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/index.html. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.

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“Norman Conquest.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 23 Sept. 2025, www.britannica.com/event/Norman-Conquest.

“The Norman Conquest of England.” Historic UK, 27 Nov. 2023, www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Norman-Conquest/.

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“Pope Urban II Orders First Crusade | November 27, 1095.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 28 May 2025, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/november-27/pope-urban-ii-orders-first-crusade.

Cartwright, Mark. “First Crusade.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 9 July 2018, www.worldhistory.org/First_Crusade.

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Cartwright, Mark. “Toltec Civilization.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 27 Apr. 2018, www.worldhistory.org/Toltec_Civilization/.

“Toltec: Research Starters: EBSCO Research.” EBSCO, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/language-and-linguistics/toltec.

“Toltec.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Toltec.

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Concordat of Worms | Church-State Relations, Papal Authority & Investiture | Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Concordat-of-Worms.

De Mesquita, Bruce Bueno. "Popes, kings, and endogenous institutions: The Concordat of Worms and the origins of sovereignty." International Studies Review 2.2 (2000): 93-118.

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Saladin (1137/38-1193), www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/saladin.html.

Saladin | Biography, Achievements, Crusades, & Facts | Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/Saladin.

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1206 CE – Genghis Khan Declared Khan of the Mongols

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1206 CE – Genghis Khan Declared Khan of the Mongols

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Mongolia - Genghis Khan, Steppe, Empire | Britannica, www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia/The-rise-of-Genghis-Khan.

“GENGHIS KHAN (D. 1227).” Genghis Khan (d. 1227), www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/genghiskhan.html.

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“Magna Carta.” National Archives Foundation, 22 Aug. 2024, archivesfoundation.org/documents/magna-carta/.

“Magna Carta Legacy.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/magna-carta/legacy.html.

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“Marco Polo.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Feb. 2025, www.history.com/articles/marco-polo.

Marco Polo: Biography, the Travels of Marco Polo, Kublai Khan, www.biography.com/history-culture/marco-polo.

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“Black Death.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Oct. 2025, www.history.com/articles/black-death.

“Black Death: Plague History, Causes, and Treatments.” Science, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague.

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“Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica.” Britanica.Com, www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453.

“Fall of Constantinople: Research Starters: EBSCO Research.” EBSCO, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/fall-constantinople.

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1492 CE - Christopher Columbus Discovers the Americas

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1492 CE - Christopher Columbus Discovers the Americas

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“Christopher Columbus.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Oct. 2025, www.history.com/articles/christopher-columbus.

“Columbus Reaches the ‘New World’ | October 12, 1492.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 28 May 2025, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/october-12/columbus-reaches-the-new-world.