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Polish priest and mathematician. He denies the medieval belief. Inherited from the classical Greek astronomer Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the universe, and develops the revolutionary theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun.

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Belgian physician and anatomist, he describes human anatomy more accurately than the classical Greek scientist Galen, whose works have been the standard reference throughout medieval Europe. His works bring a sentence of death from the inquisition for immorality, but he is not executed

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English philosopher. His Novum Organum stresses the importance of proper scientific method: Theories muse be supported by proof acquired by experimentation and observation,

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Italian mathematician and scientist. THe first to use telescopes for astronomy. He describes the surface of the Moon and the rotation of the moons of Jupiter. Also establishes basic laws of motion by the inquisition and forced to recant the endorsement of the heliocentric theory made in his dialogo

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English physician and anatomist. He discovers the circulation. He discovers the circulation of the blood and describes the purpose of arteries, veins, and the heart in De motu cordis (On the revolutions of the Celestial spheres)

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German mathematician and astronomer. Accepts the heliocentric theory after examining data gathered by the Dannish astronomer Tycho brahe. His Astronomia nova mundi explain that the orbits of the plannets are elliptical and not circular as copemcus has suggested

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French philosopher and mathematician. Develops analytic geometry and other mathematical techniques useful n theoretical science. He believes that mathematical proof is the model for rational scientific inquiry. His best known philosophical work emphasizes the importance of accepting only indubitable evidence

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Dutch physicist and astronomer. He proposes the wave theory of light, discovers the rings of Saturn, and builds the first reliable pendulum clock

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Irish physicist and chemist. He investigates the properties of air and develops a theory describing the relationship between the pressure and volume of gasses. In The Sceptical Chemist he questions the accepted belied that the world is made up of just four elements. Fire, air, earth, water. And he argues that they can be broken down into more fundamental, chemical elements

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Dutch biologist. He designs a powerful microscope and uses it to describe bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, and blood corpuscles.

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English physicist and mathematician. One of the greatest theoretical scientist in history. He discovers the law of gravitation after studying Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and formulates three laws of motion which form the basis of physics until the 20th century. Also invents the reflecting telescope, and develops the mathematical system known as calculus. Best known work is Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica.

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French Chemist. He describes the constituent gasses of air, and shows that combustion can only take place in the presence of oxygen. Develops the modern system for naming chemical compounds and proposes that matter is never destroyed in chemical reactions