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⁻Is the study or use of the rules about how words change form and combine with other words to express meaning.

-The analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences.

-(the study or use of )rules about how words change form and combine with other words to make sentences (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023)

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-Traditional grammar has this origin in Latin and Greek and is made up of articles, adjectives, and nouns.

-Differences between Traditional Grammar and English Grammar: Traditional Grammar is prescriptive, while English Grammar is descriptive.

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3. The Parts of Speech: Nouns, Articles, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Pronouns, and Conjunctions.

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3. The Parts of Speech: Nouns, Articles, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Pronouns, and Conjunctions.

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Watch the YouTube video

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Parts of speech, Noun, Pronoun, Conjunction, prepositions, Verb, Adjective, Adverb

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Agreement. For terms such as number, person, tense voice, and gender, their role is to achieve adequate structure and agreement in the language.

Example: Kathy (third person, singular, female gender) loves (present tense) her (female gender) dog. (active voice)

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5. Grammatical Gender:  is the category that designates nouns as masculine, feminine, and neuter, in contrast with another type of gender.

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5. Grammatical Gender:  is the category that designates nouns as masculine, feminine, and neuter, in contrast with another type of gender.

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Examples: boy, uncle (masculine)

-girl, mother (feminine)

-person, light, water (neuter)

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-First-person singular (I )love

-Second person singular (you) love

-Third person singular (she) love

-First-person plural (we) love

-Second person plural (you) love

-Third person plural (they) love

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7.Prescriptive Approach vs Descriptive Approach

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7.Prescriptive Approach vs Descriptive Approach

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Watch the YouTube video.

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Prescriptive vs Descriptive Grammar | Linguistics 101

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8. Structural Analysis and Constituent Analysis

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8. Structural Analysis and Constituent Analysis

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-Constituent Analysis. It´s a system of grammatical analysis that divides sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until at the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word.

-Example: The old man ran away¨, the first division into immediate constituents would be between ´´ the old man´´ and ´´ran away´´ the immediate constituents of ´´the old man´´ are ´´the´´ and ´´old man´´ At the next level ´´old man´´ is divided into ´´old´´ and ´´man´´.

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Subject: This is the part of a sentence about which something is being said, and it usually appears before the verb; the subject is often a noun or pronoun.

Example: ´´The dog barks´´ (the dog´´ is the subject because it is performing the action of barking).

Object: is a noun, pronoun, or phrase that receives the action of a verb, usually after the verb.

Example: ´´The cat chased the mouse´´ ( ´´the cat´´ is the subject ´´chased´´ is the verb ´´the mouse´´ is the object).

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Word Orders: word orders refer to the arrangement of words in a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and other components.

In English typically the order is subject+verb+object (SVO) this is just one of several possible structures; other examples include subject+object+verb (SOV).

In Japanese is like verb+subject+object (VSO).

In Gaelic and Malagasy verb+object+subject (VOS) these different word orders and their corresponding placements reflect the diverse structures across languages.

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Language Typology is a field of study focusing on classifying languages based on similarities in their grammatical structures, particularly in terms of word order patterns like SVO, VOS, and others. This classification helps identify languages as belonging to certain types or groups. Additionally, less common word orders such as OSV and OVS are mentioned as existing in a few South American languages.

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Studying grammar is an essential part of learning English because, provides the rules and structures that help us communicate clearly and effectively by understanding grammar speakers and writers can convey their messages without ambiguity, ensuring that their intentions are understood correctly, grammar is crucial for mastering language a language, whether it´s one´s native tongue or an additional language.

Knowledge of grammar helps in all aspects of language use, from speaking and writing to listening and reading.

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1. Identify all the parts of speech used in this sentence (e.g. woman = noun): The woman kept a large snake in a cage, but it escaped recently.

The (= article), woman (= noun), kept (= verb), a (= article), large (= adjective), snake (= noun), in = preposition), a (= article), cage (= noun), but (= conjunction), it (= pronoun), escaped (= verb), recently (= adverb)

2. How many adverbs are there in the following sentence? Really large objects move very slowly.

In this sentence, there are two adverbs. Really and very, the adverb Really modifies the adjective ´´large´´, and the adverb very modifies the adverb ´´slowly´´.

3. What is the tense and voice of the verb in the following sentence? My parents were married in Rome.

In the sentence ‘’My parents were married in Rome,’ the verb were married is in the past tense and the passive voice.

4. What is the difference between grammatical gender and natural gender?

Grammatical gender is based on the type of noun, such as masculine, feminine, or neuter, and is not tied to sex. Natural gender is based on sex as a biological distinction between male, female, or neither male nor female.

5. What prescriptive rules for the “proper” use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences and how would they be “corrected”?

(a) The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data.

"You must not split an infinitive." (to fully explain → to explain fully)

(b) I can’t remember the name of the person I gave the book to.

"You must not end a sentence with a preposition." (the person I gave the book to → the person to whom I gave the book)

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5. What prescriptive rules for the “proper” use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences and how would they be “corrected”?

(a) The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data.

"You must not split an infinitive." (to fully explain → to explain fully)

(b) I can’t remember the name of the person I gave the book to.

"You must not end a sentence with a preposition." (the person I gave the book to → the person to whom I gave the book)

6. How many noun phrases are there in the following sentence? Robert brought a small puppy to the party, and we all wanted to keep it.

In the sentence written above there are five noun phrases:

-Robert-Refers to the subject who performed the action of bringing.

-a small puppy

-the party

-we all

-it

7. What was wrong with the older Latin-influenced definition of English pronouns?

In the older definition, pronouns were described as "words used in place of nouns." If this was correct, we could use he instead of man and it instead of sandwich, and rewrite The man ate the sandwich as *The he ate the it. Because we usually say He (= The man) ate it (= the sandwich), it would be better to define pronouns as "words used  in  place of noun phrases."

8. What is the grammatical function of the proper noun in the following sentence? The professor and her students visited Berlin during the summer.

In the sentence ‘’The professor and her students visited Berlin during the summer,’ the proper noun is Berlin. The grammatical function of ‘’Berlin’’ in this sentence is as the object of the verb ''visited''.

9. Is Malagasy a VSO language or something else?

Malagasy, the national language of Madagascar, is primarily classified as a VOS language, meaning the typical word order is Verb-Object-Subject. This classification indicates that in standard sentences, the verb comes first, followed by the object, and then the subject. This is different from the more common SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) or SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) languages.

10. Given these other Gaelic words, translate the following sentences into English: beag (“small”) bhuail (“hit”) dubh (“black”) duine (“man”) gille (“boy”)

The small boy hit the black dog.

(a) Bhuail an gille beag an cu dubh

(b) Chunnaic an cu an duine mor

The dog saw the big man.