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Five Pillars of Reading By Mariah Thomas

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Five Pillars of Reading By Mariah Thomas

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What is it?
Phonemic Awareness is the manipulation, isolation and decoding of sounds. It is the idea that students understand that a word is made up of phonemes. When students began to identify those sounds they are able to blend, manipulate, and isolate those sounds (Wierman, 2021). It is important to note at this stage the focus is not on letter sound correspondences.

Research-based strategy to reinforce: Multisensory Approach of Phonemic Awareness

The Multisensory Approach uses sight, hearing, touch and smell. Phonemic Awareness is an early indicator of children being successful at learning how to read. Using the multimodal approach to phonemic awareness can be very beneficial. According to DePriest (2021), "Our Five senses (sight, touch, hearing, smell, and taste) send information to our brain which is designed to recognize sensations, initiate behaviors and store memories."  Furthermore in Helfin (2021) in 2018 a study was conducted that showed stronger readers had more activity between different areas of their brain. Thus reading was considered a whole brain activity. When students use more senses they are engaging more of their brain.

One example of the multisensory approach is Body Say it and Move it (Literacy How, 2015). Students say words out loud then they break them down to the phonemes using their body parts. For instance the students would break moon into m -ooo-n. For each phoneme the students would touch another part of their body.

Other strategies are using objects to represent how many syllables are in a word. Another example is in (Bentley,2021) the teacher draws three boxes on a sheet paper. A student identifies how many phonemes are in the word fun by pushing pennies in the boxes for each sound. In this example the focus in not on letter recognition or letter sound correspondence but identifying the phonemes in a word.
You can also use instruments such as drums, cymbals, or bells to help students identify the phonemes in words. Students who have not learn how to draw or write can draw squiggles or scribble for every phoneme they hear.

How it connects to writing and reading

Students need Phonemic Awareness to help them with spelling. This knowledge is useful to them when they are asked to spell words they have heard and seen before but can't quite remember how to spell. They can use that knowledge to sound out the word and spell it. Multimodal approach makes the experience memorable to students.

Students also need Phonemic Awareness to read.  Students can sound words out  by isolating, blending, substituting  and/or manipulating the phonemes. I believe again using multi sensory approach makes it more memorable for students. They use strategies such as clapping and tapping to sound out words.

Citations

Bentley, C. (2017). Phonemic Awareness Routine. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxN6BzyPW5Y.

DePriest, L. (2021). How Multisensory Activities Enhance Reading Skills. Edutopia. Retrieved 23 May 22 from https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-multisensory-activities-enhance-reading-skills.

Helfin, D. (2022). Nurturing Reading Skills Using Multisensory Activities - Graduate Programs for Educators. Retrieved 23 May 2022, from https://www.graduateprogram.org/2021/08/nurturing-reading-skills-using-multisensory-activities/.

Literacy How. (2015). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Introduction to Body Say It & Move It.Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJ4fW1uYgO8&list=PLoIKwySDkhzfBEocpHzbazKptMnP0hOOW&index=5&t=3s.

National Reading Panel (2021). The National Reading Panel: Five Components of Reading Instruction Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from http://www.learninglandscape.com/National_Reading_Panel_Reading_Instruction_FAQ.pdf.

Wierman, M. (2021). The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction.

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What is it?
Phonics is the idea that there is predictable relationship and patterns between letters and sounds. It how you crack the code for reading. (Wierman,2021). Phonics deals with letter correspondence, on set and rimes  and spelling patterns.

Research-based strategy to reinforce: Analogy Phonic strategies
Analogy phonics uses students knowlege of previous words to teach unfamiliar words through rime and onset.  For example students that know the word nice can use rime ice to identify dice, lice, twice, and rice. Analogy phonics is a proven strategy dating back to the 1600s in old schoolhouses. Students and adults find it easier to mentally compart part of words into categories. " In other words, if the brain has a store of learned phonograms and related word families, it will automatically search that storage and detect familiar patterns when encountering unfamiliar words" (Frank, 2016). This process can help students spell and read words.

An Example of Analogy based phonic is using legos. On a larger lego piece write the letters of a rime. Then have students experiment with connecting it to other letters. Student then will see if they can read it and identify if it is truly a word. For example on the larger lego the teacher would write the rime ab. Students would practice connecting the larger lego to a smaller lego with c, l, gr, cr, m, or s. Students should be able to sound out all the pairs but identify that mab and sab are not words.

Another example of Analogy phonics, is using magnetic letters. Teachers can place a word on the board that has a rime. Students can practice switching out the first letter to make new words

How it connects to writing and reading

Students can use analogy phonics when writing. The predictable code can help them spell many words through following the predictable patterns. Students may run into irregular spellings that aren't predictable but analogy phonics should help with some words.
Analogy phonics is connected to reading because students can  sound out letters or a combination of letters and pair it with the rime to pronounce a word.

Citations
Frank, M. (2022). Retrieved 23 May 2022, from https://atlasabe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Teaching-Analogy-Phonics-2016.pdf

National Reading Panel (2021). The National Reading Panel: Five Components of Reading Instruction Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from http://www.learninglandscape.com/National_Reading_Panel_Reading_Instruction_FAQ.pdf.

Wierman, M. (2021). The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction.

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What is it?

Fluency is a students ability to read according to accuracy, rate and expression. "It doesn't mean students do not make mistakes ( National Reading Panel, 2021). Fluency is improved through practice. The more a student reads the more the students fluency will grow.

Research-based strategy to reinforce: Reader's Theatre
Reader's theatre is a great way to improve reading fluency. If teachers can find a story that excites the students they will be more willing to read the story aloud and even read multiple times. According to Stephanie (2021) "Readers’ Theatre places readers firmly in the driver’s seat. While it is, in essence, a form of repeated oral reading, children do not lose interest easily."  It acheives the goal of repeated reading with less chance of becoming boring to students.

A study conducted in 2002 with 10 week of Readers Theatre project found that students who participated increased their words per minute by an average of 17 words. (Lekwilai, 2014). Readers theatre consist of these components: text selection, modeling, discussion, assigning roles , practice and feedback.

One way a teacher can use this in classroom is that students and teacher can work as whole group reading a Reader's Theatre selection. Each time the teacher can change the roles of the students. Another method is creating Reader's Theatre groups where students read the selection only amongst their group members. Students can use costumes or props to make it more fun.

How it connects to writing and reading
The fluency developed during Reader's theatre can boost students excitement to write their own stories. Because students are able to get into reading for the characters while listening to a plot in live action, they will be more likely to want to write their own stories. You can even encourage students to write the next Reader's theatre selection for students to read.
Reader's theatre and Fluency are important to reading. If students have difficulties with fluency, reading can be a difficult and arduous task. Reader's Theatre can make reading more fun and help students develop fluency.  When students don't read fluently they spend less time comprehending and enjoying what they are reading.

Citations
Lekwilai,P. (2014). Reader’s Theater: Alternative Tool to Devleop Reading Fluency among Thai EFL Learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand.48(1).89-11.

National Reading Panel (2021). The National Reading Panel: Five Components of Reading Instruction Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from http://www.learninglandscape.com/National_Reading_Panel_Reading_Instruction_FAQ.pdf.

Stephanie, S. (2022). Readers' Theater - Building Fluency, Confidence, and Comprehension. Retrieved 23 May 2022, from https://www.teachstarter.com/us/blog/readers-theatre-building-fluency-confidence-comprehenion-us/

Wierman, M. (2021). The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction.

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What is it?

Vocabulary is students ability to define the words they read in the context that is meant by the author.   According to the National Reading Panel (2021) "While we don’t have to know every word on the page to understand what we are reading, too many new or difficult words make comprehension impossible. As children’s reading level improves, so does the number of words they need to know" Students learn words through speaking and listening to others. Students can also learn new words through studying content specific areas.

Research-based strategy to reinforce: Root Word Studies/Morphological Studies.

Root word studies is the idea that students study roots word throughout the year so they can build their academic knowledge. When students encounter words with the roots they have already studied it easier for students to define the words.   "A single Latin or Greek root or affix (word pattern) can be found in and aid in the understanding (as well as decoding and encoding) of 20 or more English words." (Rasinski et al.,2011. p. 134). Many words in the English language that have more than one syllable have a Latin or Greek base. Studying the Latin or Greek word base can help students breakdown more words"
To put this into practice, students can build a root word wall. Every time students learn a new root word students can attach words to extend their knowledge. Students can also keep a vocabulary notebook and write down new words they encounter. In addition students can see if they can identify a root word and word that connects to it. Finally, students can create a root word tree. At the bottom of the three is the root word as the root and trunk of tree. The branches  and leaves contain the word that can be made out of root words.

How it connects to writing and reading
According to Yurtbaşı (2015)
"The greatest challenge inhibiting the ability of English-
language learners to read is their lack of sufficient
vocabulary ". A lack of vocabulary knowledge would
extend to an inability to comprehend reading (in any
subject), an inability to write at grade level, and an
inability to understand the function of words in
grammar"

Root word studies can help students learn more vocabulary by breaking words down into parts. Root word studies can ultimately help fluency and comprehension.

Root word studies connect to writing because it helps students to become better writers. They are more comfortable using different words that are attached the root words they know. This makes for more diverse and creative writing pieces

Citations

National Reading Panel (2021). The National Reading Panel: Five Components of Reading Instruction Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from http://www.learninglandscape.com/National_Reading_Panel_Reading_Instruction_FAQ.pdf.

Rasinski, T., Padak, N., Newton, J., & Newton, E. (2011). The Latin-Greek Connection. The Reading Teacher, 65(2), 133-141. doi: 10.1002/trtr.01015

Wierman, M. (2021). The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction.

Yurtbaşı, M. (2015). Building english vocabulary through roots, prefixes and suffixes. Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching. 5(1), 44-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v5i0

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What is it
Comprehension takes the other four pillars together and helps students understand what they have read. According the (National Reading Panel, 2021) " More than merely decoding words on a page, comprehension is the intentional thinking process that occurs as we read — it’s what reading is all about! "
When students are able to comprehend they can make connections, comparisons,analysis and predictions. Comprehension also allows students to retell stories.

Research-based strategy to reinforce: Graphic Organizers
Graphic organizers are a visual way to help students make sense of what they are reading. These organizers can serve as comprehension monitors. According to (Adler, 2001) "Students who are good at monitoring their comprehension know when they understand what they read and when they do not. They have strategies to "fix" problems in their understanding as the problems arise." Graphic Organizers can help students monitor questions or misconceptions they have while reading.

There are many different graphic organizers. One is KWL chart that stands for know, what you want to know, what you learned. Students can use this chart to add to existing things they have already learned or what they want to learn next.

Next is a Begining, Middle, End. This aid students in summarizing or retelling the story later. It also helps students identify the most important parts of story. Another chart I've seen is plot elements. The categories usually include : setting, character, climax and plot ending. Other graphic organizers include cause and effect and main idea and supporting details.

How it connects to writing and reading
Graphic organizers can definitely help with writing. Students can use cause and effect, main idea and supporting details, beginning, middle and end and plot elements to help them write a story. I actually prefer students to read a story using a graphic organizer. This graphic organizer serves as model for them to fill in their own with their ideas. The students can then take the graphic organizer and begin the writing process in a similar genre as what they just read.
Graphic organizer can aid in reading. It helps readers  compartmentalize what they reading. It cause them to pause and write about what they are reading.

Citations

Adler, C.R. (Ed). 2001. Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks for Teaching Children to Read, pp. 49-54. National Institute for Literacy. Retrieved Nov. 1, 2007, from http://www.nifl.gov/partnershipforreading/publications/reading_first1text.html.

Mckinney, A. (2022). 5 Research-Based Reading Comprehension Strategies to Use in Your Classroom. Teacher Vision. Retrieved 23 May 22 from https://www.teachervision.com/blog/morning-announcements/5-research-based-reading-comprehension-strategies-to-use-in-your-classroom

National Reading Panel (2021). The National Reading Panel: Five Components of Reading Instruction Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from http://www.learninglandscape.com/National_Reading_Panel_Reading_Instruction_FAQ.pdf.

Wierman, M. (2021). The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction.