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Glottal Stop

British English is the language that normally speakers from the England that is part of the United Kingdom would make a stop sound by rapidly closing the vocal cords.  In "Authority in Language" (2012), James and Lesley Milroy point out that the glottal stop appears in limited phonetic contexts. For example, in many dialects of English it can be heard as a variant of the /t/ sound between vowels and at the ends of words, such as metal, Latin, bought, and cut (but not ten, take, stop, or left). The use of the glottal stop in place of another sound is called glottalling.

As we know the glottal stops can be made often in the English language. However it is rarely to be noticed as they would not make any differences from the meaning of the English words. To be exact, the audio from the speaker made a glottal stop while saying the word "bottle".  In the speech, the speaker pronounced the word "bottles" as "botles". The local cords stopped as the glottis closing.

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British English also has been familiar with the rhotic and non-rhotic sound. These are the varieties of English whether the word uses the /r/ sound or not.  It is a silent letter as the British English uses the /r/ sound without pronouncing it.  Native speakers have began to silent the /r/ since decades until today. However, if the /r/ letter comes after the vowel then there will be the /r/ sound pronounced.  As an example from the speaker's pronunciation, She had stressed the /r/ sound as the /r/ letter comes after the vowel of /e/. To be precise, the word "water" tends to be stressed by the the word '-er'.

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For the British English, the stress pattern has a big impact to the language to differentiate between languages. English language has variable stress. The phonetics has the stressing of the syllable in speech. There are a few stress patterns that are main stress, secondary stress and also unstressed sounds. As an example, for the word 'par/ty' pronounced by the speaker. As we can see, the speaker stressed the first syllable.

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The lexical variation in English can be observed. They are the difference in words and phrases. It is also with the comparison of the way English language is spoken in different places. As an example, for British English

As for a few examples, from the word British we could see they would say french fries. As for the Australian English, they would eventually say hot chips. Furthermore, the British English call it sneakers while the Australian English calls it as runners

British English -> Australian English

French fries  | frentʃ fraɪz | -> Hot chips | ˈhɒt tʃɪps |

Sneakers | ˈsniːkəz |-> Runners | ˈrʌnəz |

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Flapping

In the Australian English audio, the speaker softens the /t/ in the middle of the words "bottles" and "water". This feature is called flapping where when the “t” sound is flapped, it’ll sound a lot more like a soft /d/ sound.

Therefore “bottles” /ˈbɒt(ə)l/ may at times sound like “bodle” /ˈbɒdl/ and "water" sounds like "wo-da" /ˈwɔdə/. When native speakers flap the “t” it usually results in a vowel change at the end of the word.

Non-rhoticity

Australian English is non-rhotic; in other words, the /ɹ/ sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. A final /ə/ is pronounced as lowered [a] in most speakers (this should not be interpreted as a phoneme /a/, as it can only appear in closed syllables), or [ə] for some. So the words "water" /ˈwɔːtɚ/, "party "/ˈpɑːrti/ and "four" [ˈfɔːr] will not contain the /ɹ/ sound.

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Lauren started to become well known to the YouTube community after she started to make vlogs posted on her account.

Her originality is from the United Kingdom and currently living in Seoul due to work purposes. She uses the Cortney accent as the way she speaks.

https://www.youtube.com/c/Laurenade/featured

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Australian English speaker, currently staying in South Korea.

Owns a Youtube channel with her Korean partner called The Aaron's Family.

Also appears on the World Friends Youtube channel as an Australian English speaker.

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ONE language, THREE accents _ UK vs USA vs AUS English! - YouTube - Google Chrome 2022-05-16 22-19-08_Trim

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"IT'S A PITY THAT I CAN'T GO TO THE PARTY"

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"IT'S A PITY THAT I CAN'T GO TO THE PARTY"

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ONE language, THREE accents _ UK vs USA vs AUS English! - YouTube - Google Chrome 2022-05-16 23-05-48_Trim

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ONE language, THREE accents _ UK vs USA vs AUS English! - YouTube - Google Chrome 2022-05-16 23-12-29_Trim

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Old English

Originated in 449 AD, by the arrival on British Islands of Germanic tribes that are the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes. Referred as the Denmark and Germany today.

By this arrival, the inhabitants of the British Isles have spoken ancient Celtic.

Ancient Celtic is a language whose contemporary variations still exist in a few places around Britain.

After the local moved to the north, Englisc is the language spoken by the Angle tribe. It started to spread across the south of Britain around the time 700-1000 AD.

From that the Old English's was written: Beowulf.

Beowulf is the longest poem in old English and narrates the story of the fights between Beowulf and thrilling monsters Grendel, Grendel's mother and a dragon.

Middle English

The following years of 1150 to 1500, is known as the 'Middle English'. William invaded Normandy and brought French (around 10,000 Words) words that were blended with Germanic language.

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and the first English cookery book known as The Forme of Cury (The Form of the Cookery) were both written in Middle English, between 1300 and 1400 AD.

Late Middle English

Year 1430, official documetns appeared in English. The english language emerges with the London dialect known as Chancery Standard.

The uniform language had been accepted throughout England with the first transciption of the bible at the year 1535 and the beginning of Modern English

Early Modern English

Formed during late 15th century and through to the mid-to-late of 17th century. James I began to influence the language was both spoken and written in the UK, also for Middle Scots in Scotland. It is also known as Shakespearean English, as He is the tongue of the country's most important writer.

Late Modern English

Beginning of the 16th century, British Empire started its process of enlargement.

For the 19th century, the empire was going through the changing era that came up with a great outcome on the language.

From the Industrial Revolution upgraded the English words by introducing words to describe new technologies.

https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-development-of-the-british-english-language/

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The Development Of The British English Language

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English is the second most spoken language in the world with new words every day! But how did it start?

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Following the arrival of European settlers in 1788, the beginnings of the Australian accent developed over time.

Settlers from various linguistic groups and regional dialect areas across England came to Australia.

Native-born white Australians were said to have a distinct accent and vocabulary, but with a significant Cockney influence.

This type of mixing of dialects is referred to as koineization, which involves wide-scale levelling of mutually intelligible dialects

A greater wave of immigration, coming from the first Australian gold rushes in the 1850s, also had a major impact on Australian English, including a huge number of people who spoke English as a second language.

Wilson, G. (2015, March 16). The story behind “Australian English”: why we talk the way we do. ABC News.

AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH | Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.Com.

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Capital city: London
National Regions :

England

Wales

Northern Island

Scotland

Regions:

London

North East

North West

Yorkshire

East Midlands

West Midlands

South East

South West

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Population:  As for the year 2022, the sum of population of people in united Kingdom are roughly 68.5 million people. From this total of population, 98% of the people are speaking British English that makes it as the national language for the homeland. They were also accents that are similar to the British English such as Scots, Welsh, Scottish, Irish and Cornish.

https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom

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Australia (Commonwealth of Australia)

Capital: Canberra

Smallest continent

Located between the Pacific and Indian Oceans

English as their official language

Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam

Currency: Australian dollar (AUD)

Australia - Land. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica.

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Population

The current population of Australia is 26,046,859

Australia ranks number 55 in the list of countries by population.

The total land area is 7,682,300 Km2 (2,966,151 sq. miles)

The median age in Australia is 37.9 years

Australia Population (2022) - Worldometer. (n.d.). Worldometers.Info.

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Introduction

United Kingdom (England)

Australia

Demographic of Speakers

Background on the English History in The United Kingdom

Background on the English History in Australia

Analysis of variations for British and Australian English

Phonemic Variation

Prosodic Variation

Lexical Variation

Reflection & Conclusion

References

Personal Written Reflection

Nur Eiman Haziq bin Norrisam

Sara Umairah binti Norazizi

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