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thank you teacher for these 4 months

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Thank you for teaching us for the past 4 months! We had a great time and we will will you<3

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Thank you for teaching us for the past 4 months! We had a great time and we will will you<3

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1) hepatic vein carries blood away from the liver .

2) hepatic portal vein carry blood from small intestine to the liver .

3) hepatic artery carries blood from the heart to the liver .

4) Assimilation is digested food substance are used by the body

5) The liver regulates blood glucose level by converting glycogen- glucose .

6) The liver removed the excess glucose from blood and stored as glycogen

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- Ingestion is the intake of food into the body
-Peristalsis is the rhythmic wave-like contractions of the gut walls caused by the action of two antagonistic muscles, which are the circular and longitudinal muscles. It does this to move the food along the gut and mix it with digestive juices.
- The liver deaminates excess amino acids and detoxifies alcohol. It also produces heat and bile.
- Maltase converts Maltose into Glucose.
- Pepsin converts proteins into Polypeptides.
- Assimilation occurs when some of the absorbed food materials are converted into new protoplasm or used to provide energy.

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Chapter 6 — Nutrition in Humans

1. The hepatic vein, carries blood away from the liver towards the heart.

2. The hepatic artery, carries blood from the heart to the liver.

3. The hepatic portal vein, carries blood from the small intestine to the liver.

4. Ingestion is the process of taking food into the body.

5. Digestion is the process of breaking down large insoluble food molecules into small and soluble substances.

6. Absorption is the process where small soluble substances pass into the bloodstream in the small intestine.

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- in the peristalsis, to push the bolus (food) forward, circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscles relax, thus constructing the wall of the gut.
- in the peristalsis, to allow food to enter the lumen, circular muscles relax and longitudinal contract, thus dilating the wall of the gut.
- digestive system consists of alimentary canal and associated organ.
- food substances stay in the stomach for about 3-4 hours.
- protein digestion occurs in the stomach to form chyme, a thin watery liquid consisting of partially digested food.
- the small intestine consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

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The ileum has millions of folds which are finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the rate of absorbing of simple food substances into the blood capillaries

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- The small intestine is long in order for absorption to take place for a long period of time.

- Assimilation is a process where some food substances that were absorbed are converted into new protoplasm or used to provide energy.

-When there is sufficient supply of glucose, fats are used to build cell membrane. However when there is an insufficient supply of glucose, fats are broken down to provide energy for the body.

-The liver produces bile.

-Bile emulsifies fats into smaller fat droplets.

-Excess amino acids are converted to urea in the liver.

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1- antagonistic muscles: circular muscles constricts the lumen and longitudinal muscles shorted and widen the lumen.

2- functions of the liver: regulation of blood glucose concentration, production of bile, iron storage, protein synthesis, deamination of amino acids, detoxification and (the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol)

3- amino acids are transported by the hepatic vein to the different parts of the body to be utilised

4- hepatic portal vein carries absorbed amino acids to the liver

5- some of the absorbed food substances are converted into new protoplasm or are used to provide energy. this is a precess called assimilation

6- there will be no digestion taking place in the large intestine

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1) The liver detoxifies harmful substances  such as alcohol
2) The liver has 6 functions: regulation of blood glucose concentration, production of bile, iron storage, protein synthesis, deamination of amino acids and detoxification
3) No digestion occurs in the large intestine, rectum and anus
4) Digestion ends at the ileum
5) Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver damage
6) There are two types of muscles, circular and longitudinal

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Chapter 6: Nutrition in humans
1. The formation of bile takes place in the liver.
2. The pancreas secretes both hormones and enzymes.
3. Bile emulsifies fats into smaller fat droplets.
4. The storage of glycogen occurs in the liver.
5. Excessive consumption of alcohol  damages the liver and reduces self control.
6. Lipase is found in the intestinal gland. Its substrate is fats and product is fatty acid and glycogen.

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> indigestion : food is taken into the body
> digestion : large food molecules broken down into smaller soluble molecules
> absorption : digested food molecules absorbed into the blood and cells
> assimilation : food molecules used in the body
> egestion : undigested food is removed from the body
> enzymes in ileum : lipase, maltase, peptidase, sucrase, lactase

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1) the liver converts glucose into glycogen for storage
2) human digestive system & alimentary canal
3) antagonistic muscles is made up if the circular muscles & longitudinal muscles
4)glucose and amino acids are absorbed  by diffusion into the capillaries of the villi
5)the liver detoxify harmful substances
6) ingestion - digestion - absorption - assimilation

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1) What happens to the food in the body - ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
2) The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated organs - pancreas, liver and gall bladder.
3) How peristalsis occurs - movement of antagonistic circular & longitudinal muscles
4) The type enzymes found and secreted in different organs of the digestive system eg. Pepsin in the stomach digests proteins into polypeptides
5) How digested food is absorbed in the small intestinep - Glucose and amino acids get is absorbed in the blood by active transport capillaries of a villus and fatty acids & glycerol gets absorbed into the lacteal by diffusion
6) The liver has many functions - eg. deamination of amino acids into urea, detoxification, controlling the blood glucose levels, etc

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1. Liver can break down/transform toxins(ammonia) so that they can be excreted.
2. HCL in the stomach kills of micro-organism(germs & parasites)
3. Microvilli increases the surface area to volume ratio even further for quicker absorption of food into the blood stream.
4. Worn out blood cells and their haemoglobin is sent to the liver.
5. Excess amino acids cannot be stored, thus they undergo deamination so that they are converted into urea which is then removed in urine.
6. The carboxyl group is converted into glucose(respired for energy) and converted into glycogen(stored in the liver.

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- How the liver converts harmful substances into harmless ones (detoxification)
- Amino acids get converted into glucose then into glucogen
- Excess Amino acids gets broken down in the liver and converted to urea, and then removed in the urine (deamination)
- the circular contract and longitudinal musles relax, to push the food forward
- the longitudinal muscle contracts and the circular musles relax to allow the food to enter the lumen
- The short term and long term damages of alcohol
Short term: nausea, vomiting, slowed      reaction
Long term: High blood pressure, Brain injury, Loss of memory

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1) the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles are antagonistic muscles
2) Some functions that the liver carry out are detoxification, protein synthesis and production of bile
3) there is a lacteal in each villus in the small intestine that transports fats away from the intestine
4) glucose and amino acids diffuse into the blood capillaries, whereas fatty acuds and glycerol diffuses into the epithelium
5) Glucose and amino acids can also be absorbed into the blood capillaries by active transport
6) peristalsis is a rhythmic wave-like movement that enables food to be mixed with digestive juices and travel along the gut.

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1. Ingestion - Digestion - Absorption - Assimilation
Ingestion - Digestion - Egestion
2. Alimentary Canal (Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Ileum, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus) + Associated Organs (Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas)
3. Small Intestine (3 parts - Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)
4. Enzymes I learnt that are new to me : Pepsin (a type of protease),Trypsin (a type of protease), Peptidase
5. Functions of liver : - Regulation of blood glucose concentration
- Production of bile
- Iron storage
- Protein synthesis
- Deamination of amino acids
- Detoxification
6. Drinking too much alcohol can damage the liver leading to liver cirrhosis which will cause liver failure and eventually death

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1. Peristalsis enables food to be mixed with the digestive juices

2. Circular muscles(inner) constricts the lumen

3. Longitudinal muscle(outer) shorten and widen the lumen

4. The hepatic portal vein transports nutrients to the liver

5. Deamination is when amino acids is removed and converted to urea

6. Detoxification is the process of converting harmful substances into harmless such as alcohol

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- Peristalsis is the wave-like contraction that enables food to be mixed with digestive juices and travel up the gut.

-It requires the action of antagonistic muscles, which are a pair of muscles with opposing movements

-these muscles are the longitudinal and circular muscle

-These muscles make up the entire alimentary canal

- When the circular muscle contracts and the longitudinal muscle relax, the wall of the gut constricts. The food is then pushed forward

-When the circular muscle relax and the longitudinal muscle contract, the wall of the gut dilates. This allows food to enter the lumen.

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1- liver produces bile
2- gall bladder stores bile
3-the gut wall consists of circular and longitudinal muscles
4-peristalsis helps the movement of food along the gut
5-peristalsis help to mix food with the digestive juices
6-ingestion is when food is taken into the body
🙌🏻

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1. Excess amino acids is converted into urea in the liver
2. The pH level in the stomach is 2
3. The stomach is acidic as the gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid.
4. The hydrochloric acid contains enzymes called pepsin, which works best in acidic conditions
5. The acidic condition in the stomach denature amylase
6. Excess glucose stored as glycogen is converted back to glucose when the body needs energy

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1. The small intestine is long to allow absorption to take place over a longer period of time.
2. In each villus, there is a lacteal or lymphatic capillary that transports fats, surrounded by blood capillaries that transport sugars and amino acids, away from the intestine.
3. Assimilation is the process whereby some of the absorbed food substances are converted into new protoplasm or used to provide energy.
4. The hepatic portal vein carries glucose and amino acid to the liver.
5. In the liver, most of the sugars are converted into glycogen and stored while excess amino acids are converted to urea in the liver.
6. The hepatic vein transports glucose and amino acids to the different parts of the body.