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1) Supplements are safe for consumption, but they should be consumed moderately and by the recommended intake, based on the diet they intend to follow. Overconsumption of supplements would be unsafe for the individual due to the extra ingredients they add to improve on the impact of the supplements and may have an overdose of unnecessary pollutants.
2) Depends on the diet and nutritional value the individual has to consume for themselves. Some people may have a deficiency in their immune system and would need more vitamin c to help improve it.

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1. Supplements are generally safe for consumption, however it must be taken in moderation. If it is taken in excess consequences will occur, such as Vitamin A if it is taken in excess it increases the risk birth defects, deformities during pregnancy.

2.  No, they should not consume additional vitamin C because excessive doses might cause diarrhea, vomiting, heartburn, and other problems.

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1) Supplements are generally safe for consumption. However, taking too much of it can be detrimental to one's health and could also lead to an overdose. For example, Vitamin A. Too much of it can cause an individual to die due to an overdose. Some other side effects of too much vitamin A would include birth defects, poor appetite etc.

2) No, although vitamin C helps with the healing of skin, to much of it can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting etc. Hence, an individual should not consume more vitamin C just because it is an antioxidant but should just consume the recommended amount which is for men and women ages 19-50 years old. (men: 105mg/day and women: 85mg/day)

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1)
Vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and vitamin C, are essential nutrients that your body needs in small amounts to work properly. Therefore it is safe to consume supplement but not at high intakes
2)
Vitamin C should not be consumed overly as it has been reported to lead to acid reflux which can cause diarrhea and nausea.

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1) There are some exceptions to the safety of supplements. Extra calcium and vitamin D may cause kidney stones, for example, high beta carotene intake has been linked to lung cancer in smokers. It is also more expensive to take more than you need, and the risk of side effects may also increase. For instance, too much vitamin A may cause headaches and liver damage, weaken bones and lead to birth defects. (Hovdenak, 2012) When the body receives too much iron, nausea and vomiting result, along with liver damage.

2) To avoid upset stomach and diarrhea, it is important not to exceed the safe upper limit of 2,000 milligrams a day. Ascorbic acid is a good source of antioxidants and also vitamin C does not store in the body, overdosing is not a concern. However, the use of high doses of vitamin C can have adverse effects in some cases, such as digestive distress and kidney stones. Supplements containing excessive amounts of vitamin C can lead to adverse effects. It's because if you consume large doses of this vitamin, your body will accumulate the substance, potentially leading to symptoms of overdosage. (Marik, 2020) Most people don't need to take vitamin C supplements because fresh foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are a good source of vitamin C.

References
Nils Hovdenak, Kjell Haram, Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Volume 164, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 127-132, ISSN 0301-2115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.06.020.

Ruben Manuel Luciano Colunga Biancatelli, Max Berrill & Paul E. Marik (2020) The antiviral properties of vitamin C, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 18:2, 99-101, DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1706483

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1) Approved supplements bought from reputable businesses are almost always going to be safe, provided the manufacturer's instructions are followed but according to Dr Wayne Carter, from the University of Nottingham, it is wrong to assume that food supplements do not sometimes have the potential to be harmful.

2) Although it is true that Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant that provides a lot of health benefits, it only provides these benefits when taken within the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). It is dangerous to consume too much Vitamin C as it can then induce Vitamin C toxicity which is very harmful and can cause symptoms such as Diarrhea, Vomitting, Nausea, and even kidney stones. Thus, one should not simply consume more Vitamin C just because it is an anti-oxidant.

references:

BBC News. (2018). Are supplements safe and do they work?. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-45992725

Hill, A. (2020). Vitamin C for Babies: Safety, Efficacy, and Dosage. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-c-for-babies#:~:text=Supplementing%20with%20vitamin%20C%20is,%2C%20and%20diarrhea%20(%203%20).

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The story of a man who ended up needing a liver transplant after taking green tea capsules has brought the topic of dietary supplements back into the news. What are some of the dangers of supplements and what are the health benefits?

When Jim McCants started taking green tea pills he had hoped he was giving his health a shot in the arm.

Experts point out that experiences like that of Mr McCants, are "extremely unusual".

In the UK, supplements are subject to EU regulations over their safety and the health claims manufacturers make about the products.

Approved supplements bought from reputable businesses are almost always going to be safe, provided the manufacturer's instructions are followed, doctors say.

But it is wrong to assume that food supplements do not sometimes have the potential to be harmful, says Dr Wayne Carter, from the University of Nottingham.

If you take supplements in quantities above recommended levels there are risks.

While in many cases excess levels of a supplement will be excreted, there is the potential for it to be toxic, particularly to the liver, which detoxifies the substances we consume.

"I think sometimes the idea that people take on board is 'this is good for me, therefore if I take even more of it, it will be even better'," Dr Carter says.

"This isn't without risk."

There is also a potential danger in indiscriminately taking many supplements at the same time, says Dr Carter.

Sometimes they can interact with one another - that is, one supplement may strengthen the effects of another - while in other cases they might contain one or more of the same nutrients, potentially leading to excess levels.

Some of us may be less able to metabolise certain substances effectively, which can also influence how they affect us.

"The caveat with taking a supplement is it could be safe in a broad population, but not in everyone," Dr Carter adds.

But if these are some of the potential risks, what are the health benefits?

Supplements for child health

There are some supplements that are widely acknowledged by experts to be of benefit across the population.

Vitamin D supplements are also recommended in babies, children between the ages of one and four, and people who are not often exposed to the sun.

This includes those who are frail or housebound or usually wear clothes that cover up most of their skin when outdoors.

The rest of the population is advised to consider taking a Vitamin D supplement.

A lack of vitamin D, which we mostly get from the sun, can lead to bone deformities such as rickets in children, and bone pain caused by a condition called osteomalacia in adults.

Dr Benjamin Jacobs, a consultant paediatrician at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, said: "A hundred years ago most children in London had rickets. That was basically abolished by the practice of giving children a vitamin supplement."

An injection of vitamin K is also offered to babies within the first 24 hours of their life to prevent a rare but serious blood disorder.

'Constantly evolving science'

Dr Jacobs said supplements are also important for people with either restricted diets or allergies.

However, in many other supplements the evidence of there being a benefit for most people is less clear.

The benefits of fish oil pills, a supplement linked to a wide range of purported benefits, from improved heart health to boosted brain power, are also not conclusive.

Sam Jennings, a director of Berry Ottaway & Associates Ltd, a consultancy that works with supplement manufacturers, said nutrition was a "constantly evolving science, there is always new data emerging".

She added: "What has become clear is that with supplements the benefits aren't always going to be obvious in all people, because it's going to depend on that individual's own make-up as to whether they will receive benefit from having an extra nutrient of some kind."

Dr Carter said his own advice would be for people to look at what kind of scientific evidence there was in support of a particular supplement before taking it and check whether there are any warnings.

Tips for taking supplements

Buy supplements from reputable suppliers - they should have gone through rigorous quality assurance

Check if they have been tested in clinical trials with a cohort of people that is similar to them (comparable age, sex)

Look for warnings - for example, people with heart conditions would want to check the supplement is not toxic for the heart

Be cautious about taking multiple supplements at the same time

Stick within recommended doses

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The story of a man who ended up needing a liver transplant after taking green tea capsules has brought the topic of dietary supplements back into the news. What are some of the dangers of supplements and what are the health benefits?

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1) While supplements are generally safe to consume, it is important that an individual consumes them according to the amount allocated by the physician or doctor.

As if one consumes more than the recommended amount, there is a high risk of vitamin toxicity (vitamin overdose), all of which can result in diseases like beriberi (Vitamin B1), ariboflavinosis (Vitamin B2), Pellagra (Vitamin B3), higher risk of fatigue, depression or/and brittle nails, dermatitis(Vitamin B5, B6, B7), nervous system diseases (Vitamin B9), anaemia (Vitamin B12), birth defects (Vitamin A), blood vessels hardening (Vitamin D), excessive bleeding (Vitamin K).

It is important to note that dietary supplements are one of the sources of vitamin toxicity and can lead to other effects, especially if one consumes the off-the-counter brands, according to the National Institutes of Health (2020), some vitamins that are low quality and involved in false advertising is likely to increase risk of bleeding and interact with medicines that may cause issues in chemotherapy, blood clotting and more.

2) No, any vitamins should not be consumed excessively, according to the National Institutes of Health, the RDA for Vitamin C is 90mg/day for males, 75mg/day for females, 85mg/day for pregnant women, 120mg for lactating women, while for smokers, they would need an additional 35mg/day of Vitamin C with the already established RDA amounts (NIH, 2021).

If one consumes an excessive amount of Vitamin C for a prolonged period, it may be extremely hazardous, according to BetterHealth Channel (n.d.), it is found that a dose of Vitamin C above one gram may cause diarrhoea, while large doses will cause nausea, abdominal pain, headaches and kidney stones that will affect the body's metabolism function for other nutrients, raising high iron levels, besides that, an excessive amount may be hazardous when one is having medical test a day after as it may affect the accuracy of diabetes test.

However, with the aid of supplements, it may turn out to be even worse as according to an Iowa's Women Health Study, supplemental vitamin C intake leads to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer, reduced Vitamin B12, copper, accelerated excretion of Vitamin C, erosion of dental enamel and allergic responses, iron overload and tissue damage.

In conclusion, it is important to consume Vitamin C in appropriate amounts, preferably with a doctor's supervision instead of just buying off-the-counter brands.

References:

National Institutes of Health. (2020, September 3). Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/WYNTK-Consumer/

BetterHealth Channel. (n.d.). Vitamin and mineral supplements. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/vitamin-and-minerals

National Institutes of Health. (2021, March 26). Vitamin C. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/

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1) Supplements should be consumed moderately instead of taking them too often. The excessive consumption of supplements may damage our bodies, causing bleedings to occur within our bodies or even altering reactions to anaesthesia before surgery. However, doctors may recommend that certain individuals to take supplements instead, especially if they have vitamin deficiencies, in order to better maintain their overall health.
Nutritional Information Manhattan, Long Island - Plastic Surgery (jonturkmd.com)

2) Despite its antioxidant properties, Vitamin C should not be consumed in excess. Vitamin C should not be consumed in excess of the Recommended Daily Amount (RDA) which is 105 mg/day for men and 85 mg/day for women due to the negative health effects it can cause. Diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting may occur as a consequence of consuming too much vitamin C.

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1) They are safe for consumption. However, it should be consumed in moderation. Overconsumption of supplements/ vitamins can become toxic, for instance, consuming excess vitamin A can lead to an increased risk of birth defects. Not only that, the ingredients used to make the supplements have strong biological effects on the body and hence become hazardous in some situations.

2)No. This is because firstly, vitamins are only needed in small amounts. There is an RDA for vitamin C which is 105mg/day for Men (19-50 yrs) and 85mg/day for women (19-50yrs). Hence, it is not necessary to consume more vitamin C. However, even if excess vitamin C is taken it would be excreted in urine. For individuals who have existing kidney problems, consuming excess vitamin C may result in the kidney overworking which increases the risk of kidney failure.

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1. Generally, supplements are safe for consumption. However, it is vital to note that consuming a large dose of such supplements can be detrimental to one's health because it can increase their toxicity level. This is because when we consume food, we are almost getting adequate amounts of micronutrient we need per day. Hence, if we consume supplements, we must be cautious not to eat in large doses. To provide an illustration, for fat-soluble vitamins, the excess is stored in our cells which makes it likely for us to reach toxicity level. An example is Vitamin D. When vitamin D is in excess, it increase the rate of calcium absorption. The increased calcium absorption will lead to a hardening of blood vessels and increases the risk of stone formation. Hence, if one were to consume supplements, it is recommended to get a doctor's advice before doing so.

2. No, we should not consume more Vitamin C even if it is an antioxidant. This is because with any vitamins or minerals, we should not consume more than its RDA: 105 mg/day (men), 85 mg/day (women) for Vitamin C intake due to the effects it can bring to our health. Some side effects of consuming more vitamin C are diarrhea, nausea and vomiting as mentioned by Zeratsky (n.d.). However, with that being said, Vitamin C which is a water-soluble vitamin, will be excreted through the urine when it is in excess. This might be okay although for individuals with existing kidney conditions, it will put a strain to their kidney as it will be hard for the vitamin C to be converted to urine.

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1) Supplements are safe for consumption. However, they have a certain extent to it. A supplement can not replace a whole meal, it can give the boost to reach the required amount of vitamins for the person or the person has a specific type of vitamin deficiency like iron, calcium

2)I personally feel that taking something in excess is always not good for the body as the body needs to put in more effort to get rid of the material so that the body is able to function correctly. Looking at vitamin C, studies have shown that vitamin C is good for the body as it helps to keep the immune system doing great. However, having it in access causes the kidney to work double than normal it does. People with existing kidney problems will b in danger as they have a high tendency to get kidney failure.
According to National Kidney Foundation, there an excess could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones, according to research from 2015

Trusted Source

. Hence, taking Vitamin C in excess is not good .

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1) Supplements are safe to consume if individuals follow the instructions of consumption and do not be greedy in consuming more than they should. However, supplements will take a longer time to be broken down by the body based on the chemicals present in the tablet or pill. It is still more effective if individuals consume food sources rather than supplements to gain essential nutrients.
2) No, vitamin C should not be consumed in excess as it can lead to side effects such as bleeding and bruising and more severe side effects even though it is a water-soluble vitamin and it can be excreted through urination. There are also other vitamins that are antioxidants, like vitamin E and A, it is not necessary to only consume vitamin C.

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1. Supplements are safe for consumption only when eaten in moderate amounts. However, consuming too many supplements is not that good as it can be hazardous to an individual's health. For example, taking too much vitamin C can lead to stomach cramping and diarrhoea. High doses of vitamin A, vitamin D, and other nutrients can lead to more serious, long-term complications—like liver and kidney problems, or a dangerous hardening of blood vessels.

2. No. This is because there is already an RDA for vitamin C. This means that having excessive vitamin C might lead to something. However, if someone were to consume more than the recommended amount it would be okay because it would probably come out through their urine. Unless the individual has an existing kidney problem then consuming excessive vitamin C would be bad.

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For the first question, I would say that consuming supplements in moderate would be much safer and ideal as compared to taking it too regularly, as at times taking too much supplements may be detriment to our human body as it may cause unintended bleedings within our body, or even change of responses to anesthesia before surgery as well. But having said that, taking supplements for health reasons instead is recommended greatly by doctors to better help individuals in attaining a better health and well-being.

As for the second question, taking too much vitamin C causes great amounts of urinary oxalate in our body, which is often linked with the development of kidney stones, especially if we consume amounts greater than 2,000 mg (6, 14). Reports of kidney failure has also been reported in people who have taken more than 2,000 mg in a day.

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/WYNTK-Consumer/#:~:text=Safety%20and%20Risk,-Many%20supplements%20contain&text=You%20are%20most%20likely%20to,change%20your%20response%20to%20anesthesia.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/side-effects-of-too-much-vitamin-c

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1) Many supplements contain active ingredients that can have strong effects in the body. There will a possibility of a bad reaction, especially when taking a new product.

Most likely to have side effects from dietary supplements if you take them at high doses or instead of prescribed medicines, or if you take many different supplements. Some supplements can increase the risk of bleeding or, if taken before surgery, can change your response to anesthesia. Supplements can also interact with some medicines in ways that might cause problems.

Manufacturers may add vitamins, minerals, and other supplement ingredients to foods you eat, especially breakfast cereals and beverages. As a result, you may get more of these ingredients than you think, and more might not be better. Taking more than you need costs more and might also raise your risk of side effects. For example, too much vitamin A can cause headaches and liver damage, reduce bone strength, and cause birth defects. Excess iron causes nausea and vomiting and may damage the liver and other organs.

Be cautious about taking dietary supplements if you are pregnant. Also, be careful about giving supplements to a child, unless recommended by their healthcare provider. Many supplements have not been well tested for safety in pregnant women or children.

2) Yes, according to the studies, consuming more vitamin C increase your blood antioxidant. this help the body natural defenses fight inflammation. (QiaoYu)

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1) water-soluble vitamin supplements are safe for consumption as the excess would be flushed out in our body through urine. However, the RDA for vitamins and minerals are generally lower, hence they can be taken from our daily intake of food. However, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in our fat cells and need not be replenished often as they are not readily flushed out, hence one may easily overdose on supplements if consumed in excess.

2) No, Vitamin A and E are also sources of antioxidants, hence taking extra note or tracking vitamin C consumption is not necessary unless one has medical issues and is recommended by the GP to take more vitamin C

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1) Are Supplements Safe For Consumption? 2) Should I Consume More Vit C Since Its An Antioxidant? (MONDAY CLASS)

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1) Are Supplements Safe For Consumption? 2) Should I Consume More Vit C Since Its An Antioxidant? (MONDAY CLASS)

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1) Supplements are safe for consumption. However, taking too much of a certain vitamin can cause one to overdose and experience side effects. Some of the side effects include fatigue, weakness etc. For example, taking too much vitamin K can cause excessive bleeding.

2) Although vitamin C is an antioxidant and that it promotes skin healing. Consuming too much can cause bleeding and bruising. The recommended intake for Vitamin C for men (19-50 yr old) is 105mg/day and women (19-50 yr old) is 85mg/day.

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1) No, supplements are not safe to consume on a daily basis as supplements are considered as a third party that converts nutritious food into a capsule or tablet format. This highlights that pollutants may be contained in the capsule itself during the production time. Additionally, all individuals should also consume these supplements in moderation to prevent themselves from getting overdosed on both vitamins and minerals as overconsumption of certain vitamins would lead to increased toxicity in one's body.

2) No, one should not consume more vitamin C just because it is an antioxidant. According to Mayo Clinic, large doses of vitamin C supplements might cause diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, stomach (abdominal) cramp, headache, heartburn. This highlights that all individuals should not consume too much vitamin C but only consume the recommended amount of Men (19-50yr): 105 mg/day; Women (19-50yr): 85 mg/day.