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Chandler, Graham. "Saudi Aramco World : Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs." Saudi Aramco World : Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs. 2006. Accessed November 20, 2015.

Crash Course World History. Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4. Youtube. Written/Performed by John Green. 2012.

"Egypt's Golden Empire." Top Documentary Films RSS. Accessed November 21, 2015. http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/egypt-golden-empire/.

Stahl, A.B. (ed.). 2005. African Archaeology: A critical introduction. Oxford: blackwell

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

tsaneda. Ancient Egypt Part I. Youtube. Produced by Tori Saneda, May 14, 2009.

tsaneda. Ancient Egypt Part II. Youtube. Produced by Tori Saneda, May 14, 2009.

tsaneda. Ancient Egypt Part III. Youtube. Produced by Tori Saneda, May 14, 2009.

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Unlike in Europe and their use of copper In Africa they did not have that resource so instead they found an abundance of iron which lead them to use that for metal tools and weapons. It is also suggested that it was not introduced to them and was first used in the southern parts of Africa.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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"Amenhotep IV was special as he tried to introduce a new God. Aten. "His successors, including his son Tutankahamun, speedily reverted to previous practices."(Scarre 376)

Only three Dynasties are included during the New Kingdom. Though it was short a lot of expansion, politically and economically, happened. Great kings such as Ramses II and Amenhotep II were placed in this Kingdom era. Ahmose was the first Pharoh of his Dynasty, that being the 18th. "Fragments of battle scenes depicting an Asiatic enemy were discovered and interpreted as depictions of Ahmose's conquest of the Hyksos occupiers."(Harvey 1)

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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At the end of this age the Hyksos people came in through the Nile river delta system. With more advanced weaponry they quickly overthrew the Pharoh and took control of northern Egypt. Political instability rose and fell throughout the 3 Dynasties that are given the Middle Kingdom name. "Pyramid building, which had almost ceased during the First Intermediate Period, was resumed, but on a relatively small scale". (Scarre 376) The time of the large pyramids had finally passed. Large structures, such as temples, took precedence. Thebes turned from the place of the Pharoh to a worship center as the royal palace was moved back to Memphis.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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Millet, wheat and barley are cereal crops but the difference is that Millet has a very short growing season making it extremely useful in the arid areas of Africa. It allowed for a greater production of food for the people that grew it allowing for population growth and expansion

Stahl, A.B. (ed.). 2005. African Archaeology: A critical introduction. Oxford: blackwell

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Grain_millet,_early_grain_fill,_Tifton,_7-3-02.jpg

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The Old Kingdom began with the 4th Dynasty and ended with the 8th. This is when most of the pyramids were constructed. Starting with the 3rd Pharoh, Pharoh Djoser. "the first king of the 3rd Dynasty, who built the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the oldest building of its size in the world." (Scarre 373) More pyramids were built for Pharoh Khufu and Khafre. Queens recieved smaller pyramids across the Nile.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/khufu_640.jpg

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The first Egyptian cities were started near the northern parts of the Nile River along the Mediterranean sea. The cities were placed strategically near the river in order to avoid the annual flooding but close enough where it was still able to access the water fairly easily for growing crops and farms. Also near the Mediterranean sea in order to have easy access to traded goods.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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Predynastic Period (4,500 BC - 3,000 BC)

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Predynastic Period (4,500 BC - 3,000 BC)

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Cultural communities started to pop up along the Nile, like the Badarian and Naqada, who developed very quickly. "With abundant agricultural resources, particularly in the form of cereals, came the growth of social stratification and trading contacts". (Scarre 371) As the prosperity of these cultures grew it became easier for other cultural rituals to develop. An example of this is a more intensive burial techniques.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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Some of the earliest origins of farming can be found in this period, where we can see the use of imported plants such as wheat and barely. However we do see some native crops like flax being cultivated. Pottery is also found during this period which goes hand in hand with wheat and barley storage. "Far to the south, harpoons appeared at early Kartoum about 6000 BC, and suggested that there was a particular interest in either fischer, hunting, or human conflict". (Scarre 359) Along with the discovery of mud huts at Merimde we can conclude that this was an early farming village that seems to have been a planned community.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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stone-based huts are found at the Dakhleh oasis and point to substantial habitation of the area. Both square and circular patterns of stone-based huts also point to greater efforts of construction which indicates a more permanent settlement. Grind stones, scrapers, axe-heads, and other cereal processing objects are also found at the oasis. (Scarre 2013, 360-361)

Graphic: Chandler, Graham. "Saudi Aramco World : Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs." Saudi Aramco World : Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs. 2006. Accessed November 20, 2015. https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200605/before.the.mummies.the.desert.origins.of.the.pharaohs.htm

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A defining characteristic of Pleistocene Egypt and Qadan (Nubia), Grindstones found indicates a changing relationship with plants. This essential tool was suitable for preparing wild grasses and seeds. "the occupants of Qadan sites further south fished, hunted wild cattle and other large animals, and gathered wild plant food, including grains. Evidence for the latter is provided by the numerous grindstones on Qadan sites and by the polished edges of many of their microliths, which were presumably used to cut grass". (Scarre 358) Grinding Stones ultimately aided in the collection and processing of plant foods but became less popular around 10,000 BC, when hunter-gatherers started to replace them. (Scarre 2013, 358-360)

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.