# data[].attributes.body
- 35000-10000 BC: First Homo Sapiens arrived at the region.
- 1500-500 BC: Celtic tribes migrated to Britain.
- 43: The Romans invaded the Southern of Britain.
- 406: The Romans abandoned Britannia.
- 500-850 AD: the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.
- In the latter half of the 9th century: the Norse people from Scandinavia began to invade Europe
- The dawn of the 10th century:  the Danes invaded the Northeast of England and founded a new kingdom known as the Danelaw.
- In the 11th century:
+ 1066: The Norman William invaded England and became King William I.
- 1362: French became the official language of England.
- In the 12th and 13th centuries:
+ William II was killed while hunting.
+ 1133-1189: Matilda's son become King Henry II. The University of Oxford was established in this period.
+ 1239-1307:
- In the 14th and 15th centuries:
+ 1312-1377: Edward III succeeded to the throne at the age of 15. (Marked by Hundred Years of War (1337-1416) and deadly epidemics of bubonic plague)
+ 1455-1485: The Wars of the Roses between supporters of Henry VI (the Red Rose) and supporters of Edward IV (the White Rose).
- In the 16th century: The reign of Henry VIII.
- In the 17th century: 1600-1649: Charles I was eager to unify Britain and Ireland.
- In the 18th century:
+ 1707: Acts of Union joined Scottish and English Parliaments => Kingdom of Great Britain.
+ 1756: Seven Years’ war.
+ 1800: Act of Union.
- In the 19th century: Victoria became Queen.
- In the 20th century:
+ 1914-1918: the World War I
+ 1939-1945: the World War II

# data[].attributes.body
1. Prehistory
+ The Ice Age (about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago),
+ Bronze Age Celtic culture
(The Celts arrive from Europe between 1,500 and 500 BCE)
2. The Roman period(43-410)
+ The Romans invaded Southern Britain(43)
+ Found large number of currently existing cities.
3. The Germanic invasion(410-1066)
+ The Romans abandoned Britannia(406)
+ 6th century: most of England is dominated by Anglo-Saxons
+ 8th - 9th century: Viking invasions
4. The Medievial period(1066-1485)
+ 1066: Successful Norman Invasion
+ 1362: French became the official language.
+ Hundred Years‟ War (1337-1416)
+ Deadly plague (Black Death)
+ 1455-1485: The Wars of the Roses
5. 16th century:
+ The reign of Henry VIII
7. 17th century
- The devide between the Catholics and Protestant worsened.
- 1701: The Act of Union joined the Scottish and the English Parliaments thus creating the single Kingdom of Great Britain and centralizing political power in London.
8. 18th century
+ 1707: Acts of Union joined Scottish and English Parliaments => Kingdom of Great Britain.
+ 1756: Seven Years’ war.
+ 1800: Act of Union merge Great Britain and Ireland.
9. 19th century
+ Victoria became Queen most glorious and longest reign of any British monarch (64 years).
10. 20th century
+ 2 world wars

# data[].attributes.body
The Anglo-Saxons: In the 5th century, due to the stayed of Germanic, there are 7 kingdoms ruled UK from about 500 to 850 AD, were later known as the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.
The Vikings: In the latter half of the 9th century, the  Swedes  putting  down  roots  in  Eastern  Europe -> Towards  the  dawn  of  the  10th  century, the  Northeast  of England founded  a  new  kingdom  known  as the Danelaw.
+Another group of Danes managed to take Paris, and obtain a grant of land from  the  King  of  France  in  911.  This  area  became  the  Duchy  of  Normandy.
The Normans:
+In  the 10th century, the Kings of Wessex  vanquished the Danes.
+ In  1013  and  1015, overlord  of Schleswig and Pomerania led two other invasions on England.
+ During  the  11  century, William defeated Harold and became the William I of England.
+ French was official language of England until 1362.
+ English  nevertheless  remained  the  language  of  the populace,  and  the  fusion  of  English  (a  mixture  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Norse  languages) with French and Latin (used by the clergy).
16th century:
- Henry VIII:
+ the most powerful king of England.
+ became the first ruler to declare himself king of both Wales and Ireland.
+ (1536-1540) dissolved all the monasteries in the country and nationalized them => becoming immensely rich in the process.
+ was the last English king to claim the title of King of France,
=> England started exploring the globe and trading outside Europe under Henry VIII
- Mary I (1516-1558):
+ Henry‘s elder half-daughter
+ a staunch Catholic
+ intended to restore Roman Catholicism to England, executing over 300 religious dissenters in her 5-year reign => her the nickname of Bloody Mary
- The great Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
+ Her reign was also marked by conflicts with France and Scotland, and later Spain
and Ireland.
- 1063: James VI of Scotland, becomes James I of England
17th century:
- James I (1566-1625)
+ a Protestant
+ a group of Catholic extremists attempted to place a bomb at the parliament's state opening, eliminating all the Protestant aristocracy => fail
- Charles I (1600-1649)
+ was eager to unify Britain and Ireland.
+ his policies were unpopular among the populace
+ was beheaded
- Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
+ ruled the country as a dictator from 1649 to his death.
20th century: Victoria’s children married into many differenr European royal families. The first world war left over 9 million dead througout Eu, and financially ruined most of the countries involved. The monarchies in Germany, Austria, Russia and OE all fell and the map of central and EU was completely redesigned. Following WWII, UK was bankrupt and in ruins. The 1970s, brought the oil crisis and collapes of British industry.

# data[].attributes.body
- First modern humans arrived during the Ice Age
- 1500 - 500 BCE: Celtic tribes migrated and mixed with the indigenous inhabitants to create new culture => Bronze Age
- The Romans controlled most of present-day in England and Wales
-  5th century, the Romans progressively abandoned Britannia → the Celtic tribes started warring with each other → request help from some of the Germanic ->  the Germanic pushed the Celtic out and founded their respective kingdoms -> these kingdoms ruled over the UK from about 500 - 850 AD

# data[].attributes.body
- The Anglo-Saxons: 500 - 850 AD
- The Vikings:
- The Normans
- 12th and 13th centuries: contend for the throne. Wiliam II was killed => Wiliam's second son, Henry became king.
Stephan started a civil war for the throne
- 14th and 15th centuries: Edward III
- 16th century: Henry VIII
- 17th century
- 18th century and the House of Hanover
- 19th century
- 20th century (Two World Wars)

# data[].attributes.body
- 35000 -10000 BC: First Homo Sapiens arrived at the region.
- Between 1500 - 500 BCE: Celtic tribes migrated from Central Europe and France to Britain and mix with the indigenous inhabitants -> Bronze Age.
- The 5th century: The Anglo-Saxons
+ The Romans progressively abandoned Britannia

+ The Celtic tribes request help from some of the Germanic tribes.

+ When the fighting ceased, the Germanic tribes founding their respective kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Saxons,..... These 7 kingdoms known as the Anglo- Saxon heptarchy.
- In the latter half of the 9th century: The Vikings.
The Danes invaded the Northeast of England. A group off Danes obtain a grant of land from the King of France in 911. This area became the Duchy of Normandy -> Viking.
* The Normans:
- The Normans adopted the French feudal system and French as the official language
- The Kings of Wessex eventually vanquished the Danes in England in the 10th century.
- The powerful Canute the Great (995-1035), king of the newly unified Denmark and Norway and overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania, led two other invasions on England in 1013 and 1015.
- Upon Edward‘s death, Harold Godwinson, the powerful Earl of Wessex, crowned himself king.
- William refused to acknowledge Harold as King and invaded England in 1066. King

Harold was killed at the battle of Hastings and William the Conqueror, become William I of England.
- French became the official language of England, and remained that way until 1362, nevertheless remained the language of the  populace.
- The fusion of English a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Norse languages) with French and Latin (used by the clergy) slowly evolved into the modern English we know today.

* 12th-13th centuries
- The English royals that followed William I had the infamous habit to contend for the throne.
- Matilda's son succeeded to the throne, becoming Henry II (1133-1189). It was under Henry II that the University of Oxford was established.
- Edward I ―Longshanks‖ (1239-1307) spent most of his 35-year reign fighting wars, including one against the Scots, led by William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.

* 14th-15th centuries
- Reign of Edward III marked the beginning of “Hundred Years’ War” (1337-1416) and “Black Death”

John of Gaunt - Edward III’s third son, run the government because Edward often off fighting in France

Henry V - John’s grandson - was defeated in France in “Battle of Agincourt”

Henry VI inherited the throne at age one

16th

Henry VIII - one of the most powerful king in history of England - is the first rule of Wales and Ireland (Acts of Union with Wales)

He was the last king to claim the title of king of France

He started exploring the globe and trading outside Europe

Edward VI - Henry VIII’s son inherited the throne and died six years later

Mary I - Henry’s half daughter inherited the throne and executed 300 religious dissenters. She died in 1558

Elizabeth I - Mary’s half sister started the first golden age of England

Her reign was also marked by the conflict with France and Scotland, and later Spain and Ireland. She died in 1603

James VI - Mary Stuart’s son - created the United Kingdom

17th-18th centuries:

James I (1566-1625), a Protestant, was crowned. The divide between Catholics and Protestant worsened.

James's successor Charles I (1600-1649) was eager to unify Britain and Ireland. His policies: unpopular -> culminated in the English Civil War (1642-1651) -> beheaded

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) ruled the country as a dictator from 1649 to his death. He was briefly succeeded by his son Richard at the head of the Protectorate, but his political inability prompted the Parliament to restore the monarchy in 1660, calling in Charles I‘s exiled son, Charles II (1630-1685).

19th-20th:

19th

1938, William IV of liver disease  and the throne passed to the next in line, his 18-year old niece Victoria (1819-1901). However,  she had no experience and had to turn to the Prime Minister for help - Lord Melbourne (1779-1848)

The kingdom's domination led to many wars.

Benjamin Disraeli (1808-1881) and his rival William Ewart Gladstone (1809- 1898).

20th

During the 20th century, the British Empire experienced a tremendous change in history through each period.

WW1 began when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, and Austria declared war on Serbia, which in turn was allied to France, Russia and the UK.

After World War I, the Labor Party was created in Britain.

In 1936, Edward VIII (1894-1972) succeeded to the throne, but abdicated the same year to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American woman. His brother then unexpectedly became George VI (1895-1952) after the scandal.

Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland in September 1939, marking the beginning of World War II.

World War II, the United Kingdom was bankrupt and in ruins.

1952, the current queen of England, Elizabeth II, ascended to the throne at the age of 26

The 1970‘s brought the oil crisis and the collapse of British industry. Conservative Prime minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925) was elected in 1979 and served until 1990.

in 1997, the ―New Labor‖ party came back to power with the appointment of Tony Blair (b. 1953).