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States that all information used in the book were used from historians and museums.

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Part One: The Invasion of Asia - reached land

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Part One: The Invasion of Asia - reached land

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Alexander The Great and his friend Hephastion had found land. Not knowing it was Asia, both crawled out of the cold blistering ocean with their spears trying to find out where they were. (36)

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Part Two: Son of God - the aftermath of the battle of Issus

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Part Two: Son of God - the aftermath of the battle of Issus

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Alexander sent General Parmenio after the war to the city Damascus to capture the main Persian baggage train. Whilst Parmenio reached Damascus, he took a handful of prisoners and a mother of royal blood. (64)

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Part Three: Lord of the World - a setback

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Part Three: Lord of the World - a setback

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Alexander, on a mission to rule all of Asia, continues his march. However, on his march and the loss of the battle of Issus, Darius had retired after many bruises and scars during the battle, to raise a larger army to try to fulfill Alexander's mission.(72)

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Part Three: Lord of the World - a tragic death

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Part Three: Lord of the World - a tragic death

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As Alexander thought things were going well, one who was important to his army, Darius, had been overthrown by his own commanders.(122)

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Part Three: Lord of the World - finding water

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Part Three: Lord of the World - finding water

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If you're going to make a large journey, you must need water. There was only one source of water which was in between Ahuran Pass and Quse. With Alexanders crew constantly stopping to rest, will they get to the water source in time?(125)

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Part Three - Lord of the World: a disaster of a night

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Part Three - Lord of the World: a disaster of a night

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Alexanders men had camped near Kalaleh. However, they had lost three horses to wolves. Now growing short on horses, it will be difficult for Alexanders men to travel. (130)

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - Alexanders next task

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - Alexanders next task

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As we know, Alexanders vision was set clear, conquer or be conquered. His next task was to conquer the eastern provinces of the Persian Empire. As its not an easy task, Alexander and his men were confident they can de-throne them.  (133)

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - journey to the hindu kush

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - journey to the hindu kush

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After the great conquering of the eastern provinence of the Persian Empire, Alexander and his men set their next task on a journey to the Hindu Kush. It'll be hot and humid, with very little water, can they make this journey with all their resources? (138)

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - meeting new foes

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - meeting new foes

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Whilst Alexander is crossing the Khawak Pass, to his surprise, he saw people, and not just a little, a lot of people. Traders, smugglers, refugees  and travelers. All with horses, camels, valuables, resources. (142)

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - finally get to rest

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - finally get to rest

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Alexander and his men on a long, exhausting journey, finally get to stop and rest peacefully in the fertile valleys around Kunduz. However, their rest cannot be for too long, as they need to get moving due to Alexanders plan on invading the town of Bactria.(146)

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - finding a broken town

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Part Four: The Road to Samarkand - finding a broken town

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The night they had went to Tashkurgan to invade that town, they had seen it all shattered, like there was a war, which of course, there was. Shocked, Alexander and his men were concerned, but stayed confident and kept going, but who knows if they'll meet the ones who destroyed this town on their journey.

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Part Five : To the Ends of the Earth - a challenge 

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Part Five : To the Ends of the Earth - a challenge 

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Somewhere in the valleys of Kunar, Alexander and his men saw something they wanted to do. The Greeks were about to attack a small town called Nysa. Smart, Alexander decided to wait until after the war to attack the Greeks, attacking them while they were tired.

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - outnumbered, but still won

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - outnumbered, but still won

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Alexander and his men moved to the Swat Valley when they were met by much more army members than Alexanders army. With confidence, Alexander played it smart and played long range. They were heavily outnumbered, but they found a way to win, sacrificing many men though.

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - a pickle

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - a pickle

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Alexander wanted to attack up the Indus from the south. However, he realized that a frontal assault on the hill was out of the question. The terrain was too steep, rocky and overgrown. He had to find a different way to attack.

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - Battle on the Jhelum River 

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - Battle on the Jhelum River 

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Alexander and his men fought on the Jhelum River. A very hard fight, and an eventful one, Alexander and his men once again went to win on another war. However, losing some of its horses during the war.

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - camped up ready to attack

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Part Five: To the Ends of the Earth - camped up ready to attack

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Alexander and his men camped opposite the Indian army where they couldn't see him. A very risky and bold move, however, it paid off because they never saw Alexanders camp. Alexander had watchmen watching over their camp as they rested. Once dawn hit, they attacked the Indian army flourishing with resources.

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Part Six: Nostoi: the Returns - a mistake 

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Part Six: Nostoi: the Returns - a mistake 

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Alexander had made a huge mistake. He was looking to refill on water, when he had saw a body of water he led his men over to it. Alexander only had seen water and not how much though. There was not enough water for them to refill to continue their journey, and had to keep marching to find a larger body of water.

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Part Six: Nostoi: the Returns - a flashback

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Part Six: Nostoi: the Returns - a flashback

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Alexander set his men back in Susa. Where just over six years ago since he had left it to go east. Alexander was happy to see the town still in shape. He refilled on resources due to the town giving it to him and his men. This part of his journey was one of his happiest.

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Part Six: Nostoi: The Returns - the start of his death

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Part Six: Nostoi: The Returns - the start of his death

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Alexander on May 29th, had felt a very harsh fever. He knew that this day would come, feeling sick, he still tried to look strong playing with kids with dices. However, the worst is so close.

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Part Six: Nostoi: The Returns - Alexander dies.

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Part Six: Nostoi: The Returns - Alexander dies.

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On June 323 BC, Alexander The Great, had passed away. Everyone was distraught, his army mostly. Losing such a big leader like that is a very huge loss. His legacy lives on though. We know his mission on conquering all of Asia impacted history.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vH_VszU1d8

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2a4oR0ZUYE

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Why Alexander The Great Is The Single Most Important Man In History

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https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2602/alexander-the-great-life-and-reign-of-the-king-of/

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Have you ever wondered 'who was Alexander the Great? What is Alexander the Great famous for? or At what age and how did Alexander the Great die? Well, if you have, then this is the video for you. This video spans from the birth to the life, reign and death of the famous Alexander the Great, in honour of his birthday!

Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III of Macedon became king of Macedon after the death of his father King Philip II in 336 BCE. Alexander is known for both his military might and his diplomatic skills which aided in his expansion of the Macedonian Kingdom to an empire of a size his father had not even dreamed of. Alexander is recognised as a key figure in the spread of Greek culture and language throughout the ancient world, and his death sparked the beginning of the Hellenistic period which spanned from 323 - 31 BCE. After his death, his campaigns became legendary and later Greek and Roman generals learnt from his successes and failures and were influenced by his tactics.

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:
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Urek Meniashvili
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About the Author

Kelly is a graduate from Monash University who has completed her BA (Honours) in Ancient History and Archaeology, focussing on iconography and status in Pylos burials. She has a passion for mythology and the Aegean Bronze Age.

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Alexander the Great: Life and Reign of the King of the Macedonian Empire

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Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great

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Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen. By turns charismatic and ruthless, brilliant and power hungry, diplomatic and bloodthirsty, Alexander inspired such loyalty in his men they'd follow him anywhere and, if necessary, die in the process. Though Alexander the Great died before realizing his dream of uniting a new realm, his influence on Greek and Asian culture was so profound that it inspired a new historical epoch-the Hellenistic Period.

Where Was Alexander the Great From?

Alexander III was born in Pella, Macedonia, in 356 B.C. to King Philip II and Queen Olympias-although legend had it his father was none other than Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods.

Philip II was an impressive military man in his own right. He turned Macedonia (a region on the northern part of the Greek peninsula) into a force to be reckoned with, and he fantasized about conquering the massive Persian Empire.

Bucephalus

At age 12, Alexander showed impressive courage when he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus, an enormous stallion with a furious demeanor. The horse became his battle companion for most of Alexander's life.

When Alexander was 13, Philip called on the great philosopher Aristotle to tutor his son. Aristotle sparked and fostered Alexander's interest in literature, science, medicine and philosophy.

Alexander was just 16 when Philip went off to battle and left his son in charge of Macedonia. In 338 B.C., Alexander saw the opportunity to prove his military worth and led a cavalry against the Sacred Band of Thebes-a supposedly unbeatable, select army made up entirely of male lovers-during the Battle of Chaeronea.

Alexander put his vigor and bravery on display, and his cavalry decimated the Sacred Band of Thebes.

Alexander Becomes King

In 336 B.C., Alexander's father Philip was assassinated by his bodyguard Pausanias. Just 20 years old, Alexander claimed the Macedonian throne and killed his rivals before they could challenge his sovereignty.

He also quashed rebellions for independence in northern Greece. Once he'd cleaned house, Alexander left to follow in his father's footsteps and continue Macedonia's world domination.

Alexander appointed the general Antipater as regent and headed for Persia with his army. They crossed the Hellespont, a narrow strait between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and faced Persian and Greek forces at the Granicus River. Victory went to Alexander and the Macedonians.

Alexander then headed south and easily took the city of Sardes. But his army encountered resistance in the cities of Miletus, Mylasa and Halicarnassus. Under siege yet not beaten, Halicarnassus held out long enough for King Darius III, the newest Persian king, to amass a substantial army.
READ MORE: Did Alexander the Great Arrange His Father's Murder?
Gordian Knot

From Halicarnassus, Alexander headed north to Gordium, home of the fabled Gordian knot, a group of tightly-entwined knots yoked to an ancient wagon. Legend had it whoever unwound the knot would conquer all of Asia.

As the story goes, Alexander took on the challenge but was unable to unravel the knot by hand. He took another approach and sliced through the knot with his sword, claiming triumph.

Battle of Issus

In 333 B.C., Alexander and his men encountered a massive Persian army led by King Darius III near the town of Issus in southern Turkey. Alexander's forces were greatly outnumbered in men but not in experience or the determination for revenge and to claim Persia's great wealth, much of it plundered.

As it became clear Alexander would win the Battle of Issus, Darius fled with what remained of his troops, leaving his wife and family behind. His mother, Sisygambis, was so upset she disowned him and adopted Alexander as her son.

By now it was clear that Alexander was a shrewd, ruthless and brilliant military leader-in fact, he never lost a battle in his life. He would build an empire on the back of his motto, "there is nothing impossible to him who will try."

Battle of Tyre

Next, Alexander took over the Phoenician cities of Marathus and Aradus. He rejected a plea from Darius for peace and took the towns of Byblos and Sidon.

He then laid siege to the heavily fortified island of Tyre in January 332 B.C., after the Tyrians refused him entry. But Alexander had no navy to speak of and Tyre was surrounded by water.

Alexander instructed his men to build a causeway to reach Tyre. All went well until they came within striking distance of the Tyrians. Again and again, Tyrian forces thwarted Alexander's clever attempts to gain entry, and he realized he needed a strong navy to penetrate their defenses.

He amassed a large fleet, finally breached the city's walls in July 332 B.C. and executed thousands of Tyrians for daring to defy him; many others were sold into slavery.

Alexander Enters Egypt

After rejecting another peace offer from Darius, Alexander set out for Egypt. He was sidelined at Gaza, however, and forced to endure another lengthy siege. After several weeks, he took the town and entered Egypt where he established the city that still bears his name: Alexandria.

Alexander traveled to the desert to consult the oracle of Ammon, a god of supposed good counsel. Legends abound about what transpired at the oracle, but Alexander kept mum about the experience. Still, the visit furthered speculation Alexander was a deity.

Alexander Becomes King of Persia

After conquering Egypt, Alexander faced Darius and his massive troops at Gaugamela in October 331 B.C. Following fierce fighting and heavy losses on both sides, Darius fled and was assassinated by his own troops. It's said Alexander was sad when he found Darius's body and he gave him a royal burial.

Finally rid of Darius, Alexander proclaimed himself King of Persia. But another Persian leader, Bessus (also thought to be Darius's murderer), had also claimed the Persian throne. Alexander couldn't let the claim stand.

After relentless pursuit by Alexander, Bessus's troops handed Bessus over to Ptolemy, Alexander's good friend, and he was mutilated and executed. With Bessus out of the way, Alexander had full control of Persia.

Proskynesis

To gain credibility with the Persians, Alexander took on many Persian customs. He began dressing like a Persian and adopted the practice of proskynesis, a Persian court custom that involved bowing down and kissing the hand of others, depending on their rank.

The Macedonians were less than thrilled with the changes in Alexander and his attempt to be viewed as a deity. They refused to practice proskynesis and some plotted his death.

Increasingly paranoid, Alexander ordered the death of one of his most esteemed generals, Parmenio, in 330 B.C., after Parmenio's son Philotas was convicted of plotting an assassination attempt against Alexander (and also killed).

Alexander Kills Cleitus

In 328 B.C., Cleitus, another general and close friend of Alexander, also met a violent end. Fed up with Alexander's new Persian-like persona, a drunk Cleitus continually insulted Alexander and minimized his achievements.

Pushed too far, Alexander killed Cleitus with a spear, a spontaneous act of violence that anguished him. Some historians believe Alexander killed his general in a fit of drunkenness-a persistent problem that plagued him through much of his life.

Alexander struggled to capture Sogdia, a region of the Persian Empire that remained loyal to Bessus. The Sogdians found a refuge at the pinnacle of a rock and refused Alexander's demand to surrender.

Not one to take "no" for an answer, Alexander sent some of his men to scale the rock and take the Sogdians by surprise. Supposedly, one of those on the rock was a girl named Roxane.

As the story goes, Alexander fell in love with Roxane on sight. He married her despite her Sogdian heritage and she joined him on his journey.

Alexander Enters India

In 327 B.C., Alexander marched on Punjab, India. Some tribes surrendered peacefully; others did not. In 326 B.C., Alexander met King Porus of Paurava at the Hydaspes River.

Porus's army was less experienced than Alexander's, but they had a secret weapon-elephants. Even so, after a fierce battle in a raging thunderstorm, Porus was defeated.

One event took place at Hydaspes which devastated Alexander: the death of his beloved horse, Bucephalus. It's unclear if he died from battle wounds or of old age, but Alexander named the city of Bucephala after him.

Alexander wanted to press on and attempt to conquer all of India, but his war-weary soldiers refused, and his officers convinced him to return to Persia. So Alexander led his troops down the Indus River and was severely wounded during a battle with the Malli.

After recovering, he divided his troops, sending half of them back to Persia and half to Gedrosia, a desolate area west of the Indus River.

A Mass Wedding

In early 324 B.C., Alexander reached the city of Susa in Persia. Wanting to unite the Persians and Macedonians and create a new race loyal only to him, he ordered many of his officers to marry Persian princesses at a mass wedding. He also took two more wives for himself.

The Macedonian army resented Alexander's attempt to change their culture and many mutinied. But after Alexander took a firm stand and replaced Macedonian officers and troops with Persians, his army backed down.

To further diffuse the situation, Alexander returned their titles and hosted a huge reconciliation banquet.

Death of Alexander the Great

By 323 B.C., Alexander was head of an enormous empire and had recovered from the devastating loss of his friend Hephaestion-who was also reputed to be one of Alexander's homosexual male lovers.

Thanks to his insatiable urge for world supremacy, he started plans to conquer Arabia. But he'd never live to see it happen. After surviving battle after fierce battle, Alexander the Great died in June 323 B.C. at age 32.

Some historians say Alexander died of malaria or other natural causes; others believe he was poisoned. Either way, he never named a successor.

His death-and the bloody infighting for control that happened afterwards-unraveled the empire he'd fought so hard to create.
READ MORE: Alexander the Great Died Mysteriously at 32. Now We May Know Why
Why Was Alexander The Great 'Great'?

Many conquered lands retained the Greek influence Alexander introduced, and several cities he founded remain important cultural centers even today. The period of history from his death to 31 B.C., when his empire folded, would come to be known as the Hellenistic period, from "Hellazein," which means, "to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks." Alexander the Great is revered as one of the most powerful and influential leaders the ancient world ever produced.

Sources

Alexander the Great. Ancient History Encyclopedia.
Alexander the Great. Livius.org.
Alexander the Great of Macedon Biography. Historyofmacedonia.org.
Alexander of Macedonia. San Jose State University.
Bucephalus. Ancient History Encyclopedia.
The Battle of Issus. Livius.org.
The Sacred Band of Thebes, from Plutarch, Life of Pelopidas. Fordham University.
The Siege of Tyre (332 BCE). Livius.org.

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Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen. By turns charismatic and ruthless, brilliant and power hungry, diplomatic and bloodthirsty, Alexander inspired such loyalty in his men they'd follow him anywhere and, if necessary, die in the process.