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Albert Bandura promoted the belief that children have self-efficacy, which relates to their confidence that they can do a task well and succeed. This is essential to a child's success or failure (Santrock, 2021).

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Figure 1.1 Chegg.com, n.d. Erikson Moral Development Stages. [Image].

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Erik Erikson's theory of Industry vs Inferiority (appearing during middle-late childhood) explains that a child's social environment greatly affects their inferiority level. Encouragement from parents and teachers can lead to a strong sense of industry whereas discouragement can deplete it (Santrock, 2021).

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ERICKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Trust versus mistrust is the stage in which Erikson uses to describe the first year of a child's life in the way of development. He did not feel that the issue of trust versus mistrust is ever solved in the first year, and that is continues to surface with each developmental stage. Physical comfort during the first year, Erikson states, plays an important role in development of trust (Santrock, 2021).

Santrock (2021) offers that Erikson explained that the importance of independence in the second year is crucial for a child to truly develop in the autonomy versus shame and doubt. This stage is presumed to have much importance in one's future development.

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Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained

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Figure 2.2 psychologenie.com, n.d. Albert Bandura Reciprocal Determinism. [Image].

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In the social learning theory, Albert Bandura points out the importance of observing, modelling, and copying the behaviors and beliefs of the people around them (Boeree, n.d). Humans are complex so Bandura decided to include a recommendation to the recipe, the idea of reciprocal determinism. He proposed that the environment affects behavior, but behavior affects the environment as well. Afterwards, Bandura expanded this theory by considering personality as an element between the environment, behavior, and the person’s mental processes. These mental processes incorporate our talent to consider pictures in our minds, and language (Boeree, n.d). Including imagery and language to the mixture empowered Bandura to speculate more on observational learning and self-control.  Today, Bandura is often considered a father of the cognitivist movement (Boeree, n.d).

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Gender matters in different ways to Erikson and Bandura's theories. With the social theory, gender is relevant because studies have shown a child's gender affects how they are treated. Typically, boys are pushed to excel in their academics by their fathers, and girls are taught by mothers to rely on others and to do as they are told (Santrock, 2021).

Seeing these differences, Bandura realized the gender of a child and a parent defined the experiences they came upon With the psychosocial theory, gender matters since the way a child feels about the world motivates them to seek out certain stimuli, and children from the ages of three to twelve progressively seek out friends who are of the same sex which according to Erikson's theory would have meant gender defines development through the interaction with the peers they have chosen (Santrock, 2021).

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Play is so important to the child that it is one of the ways they self-identify (Santrock, 2021).

Therefore, Bandura would consider it vital to growth because the child focuses on it. Since it is also a creative way a child can try out behaviors while reducing the consequences of trying the same behaviors in real life, it is also an exploratory technique, and as such, Erikson suggests it does two things for development. First, it tends to lead to a lessening of fear-based behaviors because play reduces the pressure of perfection, and secondly, it teaches the child what abilities they have at their disposal (Santrock, 2021). Therefore, for the reasons stated above, both theories see play as a way to improve self-efficacy!

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Both Bandura and Erikson believed behavior and growth were not stagnant at any point in life, and on the issue of stability versus change, they agreed that the environment led to behavioral reconfigurations.
With his stair-like developmental stages, Erikson believed once one reached a certain amount of neurological growth a person could return to a stage and change their ingrained beliefs (Watson, 2013; Santrock, 2021).

Similarly, Bandura believed each environmental interaction was a potential blueprint for a person to use as guidelines for their behavioral choices.

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Boeree, C. G. (n.d.). Albert Bandura. November 12, 2021, http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/bandura.html

Chegg.com. (n.d.). Erikson Moral Development [Image].
https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/298293175292369731/

Santrock, J. W. (2021). Life-span development (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Sprouts. (2017, April 23). 8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYCBdZLCDBQ

Watson, M., W. (2013). Theories of Human Development. (Audiobook). The Teaching Company.

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Both Erikson's psycho-social and Bandura's social theory stress the importance of interacting with other people to developed moral behavior, and evidence backs up this belief. "A recent study found that young children who observed a peer being rewarded for confessing to cheating on a task were more likely to be honest in the future" (Santrock, 2021).

However, they disagreed on how the child concluded a behavior was helpful and worth learning. Bandura thought attention to the consequences mattered most in leading to a child deciding if a behavior was worth adding to their own interactions, but Erikson thought it was an interrelationship between a child's feelings the situations they found themselves in that decided how they would use what they learned from others (Santrock, 2021).