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James W. Marshall discovers gold in California. This marks the start of the Gold Rush in America. The discovery brought thousands to California in hopes to find gold and make fortunes.

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National Labor Union
The National Labor Union was formed by iron-worker William H. Sylvis. It was the first large-scale national organization of laborers. More workers joining meant the unions were able to afford more workers' benefits.

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Mass immigration from China occurred in the 1850's. Many Americans objected the immigration because they were favored by employers as they required lower wages. The Chinese Exclusion Act was established in 1848, which halted Chinese immigration.

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After 14 years of construction, the Brooklyn Bridge officially opens. It was the longest suspension bridge of its time. The bridge was designed by John Augustus Roebling, however, during the construction he died. The bridge gained popularity quickly, as it was the first roadway to connect Brooklyn and Manhattan, which were two separate cities prior to Brooklyn becoming part of New York City in 1898.

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Pendleton Civil Service Act
Chester Arthur's first message to Congress urged legislators to pass a civil service law. the result was the Pendleton Civil Service Act. Established in 1883, the law authorized a bipartisan civil service commission. This group was to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates' performance on examination.

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Grover Cleveland is elected president. He was the first Democrat elected after the Civil War. He is also the only president to leave the White House and come back for a second term 4 years later. During he presidency, he signed the Interstate Commerce Act, the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads.

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Hull House is established
One of the most well-known social reformers of the Progressive era was Jane Addams. She helped establish Hull House in 1889. This was a settlement house that helped those in poverty in Chicago. Not only did Hull House directly help those in need, but it also helped bring awareness of the economic struggles happening at this time.

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Louis Sullivan designs the skyscraper.
As cities continued to grow and develop, one architect came up with the idea that allowed cities to not only out, but up. In 1890, Louis Sullivan designed the skyscraper. This architectural development would revolutionize cities across America.

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The Illinois Factory Act was passed in 1893. It prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. Supported by Florence Kelley, this act was one of the most important achievements during the Progressive era.

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The U.S annexes Hawaii
This resulted in increased Japanese immigration to the West coast. Immigration then continued to increase as word spread about comparatively high American wages.

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The Niagara Movement
Founded by W.E.B Du Bois, the Niagara Movement was a group that insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well-educated leaders. It was comprised of 29 black intellectuals. They secretly met in 1905 to compose a civil rights manifesto.

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The Meat Inspection Act
In 1906, there was outrage among American citizens. After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, President Roosevelt responded to the public. He appointed a commission of experts to investigate the meatpacking industry. The feedback of the commission aligned exactly with Sinclair's words. The industry was indeed working under disgusting conditions. Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act, dictating cleanliness requirements for meatpackers as well as creating a program of federal meat inspection.

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Pure Food and Drug Act
Before and federal regulations were passed, manufacturers made wild claims about their products, claiming that they could cure cancer or increase hair growth. In addition, some children's medicines contained dangerous ingredients, like opium, cocaine, or alcohol. In response to these practices, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. This law halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling so consumers would be given accurate information about products to make wise decisions about what they buy and consume.

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The Gentleman's Agreement
In 1906 the local board of education in San Francisco segregated Japanese children by putting them into separate schools. When Japan raised an angry protest at this treatment, President Roosevelt worked out a deal. Under the Gentleman's Agreement of 1907, Japan;s government agreed to limit the emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.

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The 16th Amendment
Ratified in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment allows for a federal income tax. Congress also enacted a graduated income tax, beginning with a modest tax on incomes over $3000. By 1917, revenue from the income tax vastly exceeded that from tariff.

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The 17th Amendment
The 17th Amendment made the direct election of Senators by the people of each state the law of the land. It also clarified the regulations of the Senators. "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote."

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Clayton Antitrust Act
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly. A company violating the law could have its officers prosecuted bu the federal government. It also specified that labor unions and farm organizations were no longer subject to antitrust laws, protection their right to strike, boycott, and peacefully picket.

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Federal Trade Commission
The second major antitrust measure, the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, set up the power to investigate possible violations of the regulatory statutes. It could also require periodic reports from corporations and put an end to a number of unfair business practices.

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The Keating Owen Act
The Keating Owen Act of 1916 prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional due to the interference with states' rights to regulate labor. However, nearly every state passed legislation banning child labor and settling maximum hours for all workers.

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The 19th Amendment
Radical tactics and America's entry into WWI helped women cross the finish line in the race to suffrage. Patriotic women headed committees, knitted socks for soldiers, and sold liberty bonds in the war effort. In 1919, Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, officially granting women the right to vote. It was ratified in August, 1920, when Tennessee passed the threshold-crossing vote.

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Colon, Jose, et al. American History. HMH, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018.