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The Social Contract theory was created since Hobbes thought humans were wicked and cruel that if people gave up their rights to a powerful ruler they could be protected by laws and rules. This created a society and absolute rule.

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Contractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #37

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Thomas Hobbes was a  political philosopher and one of his most famous book was the Leviathan. It related to the Enlightenment because in his book he talked about the Social Contract theory. Which was that people had to give up their rights and in exchange they would have to follow rules and laws. This is made so laws could protect people from each other. This was the foundation for absolute rule and laws.

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John Locke was also a philosopher like Thomas Hobbes except he had different views. He believed that people could learn and experience, that people are born equal and have three natural rights. They were life, liberty and property. He also believed that if a government fails to protect then the can overthrow the ruler. That people have rights and would not be controlled by rulers.

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The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that spread many ideas and the power of individuals to solve problems. The Enlightenment was at its peak in mid 1700's and changed Western Civilization. The Enlightenment was mainly trying to emphasize reason, individualism and skepticism. It lead to people like Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu and many more philosophers who created these ideas that contributed to the Enlightenment.

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Voltaire was one if the most influential philosophers of the Enlightenment. He published over 70 books of political essays, philosophy and drama. Voltaire made many enemies from people like the French court and was sent to prison twice. Voltaire would not stop fighting for freedom of religious belief, tolerance, reason, and freedom of speech. He used his words and books to defend himself.

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Montesquieu was a very influential writer and devoted himself to the study of political liberty. He believed that Britain was the best governed and most balanced country. He also believed that the separation of powers would keep any individual group from gaining total control of the government. His book was admired by political leaders from British colonies of North America and became the basis for the Constitution.

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Rousseau was another great philosopher and was committed to individual freedom. Rousseau got recognition from essays he wrote and he disagreed with other Enlightenment thinkers. He thought that civilization corrupted people's goodness and the only good government was the one that was freely formed by the people. The Social Contract for him was a agreement among free individuals to create a society and government. rousseau's ideas made the French Revolution overthrow Monarchy.

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POLITICAL THEORY – Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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The social critics in France were known as a philosophers and the philosophers believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life. People like Isaac Newton made five concepts that were the core of their beliefs. They were reason, nature, progress, happiness and liberty.

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Mary Wollstonecraft disagreed with Rousseau idea that women's education should be secondary to men. She said that women need education to be virtuous and useful and that women need to enter the male-dominated field like politics and medicine.

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The Geocentric Theory was when people viewed the Earth was in the center of the universe. This idea was created by Aristotle a Greek Philosopher of the fourth century. A Greek astronomer named Ptolemy expanded it in the second century and that God placed it in the center because it was a special place.

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It started it the mid 1500's when few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of thinkers and the Church. Then scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories and they launched a new change in European thought. It was a new way of thinking about the nature world. Many discoveries and circumstances lead to the Scientific Revolution and helped it spread.

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The Heliocentric Theory was created by Copernicus and was about how he believed that the sun was the center and the planets would orbit around the sun. People did not think it was true at first but when Tycho Brahe recorded the movements of the planets and his data was accurate to what Copernicus believed in. Then Keplar a mathematician continued his work and after gathering up his data Copernicus's theory was correct.

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He was a Italian scientist who built on the new theories about astronomy and when he was young he built a instrument that could enlarge far away objects and it was the telescope. Galileo said that Jupiter had four moons and the Sun had dark spots. The Earth's moon had tough, uneven surface and that made Aristotle's theory that the Sun and Moon were made of a pure substance. He also cleared up what Copernicus theory was. The Church warned him not to defend the ideas of Copernicus and he went to court and had to agree that Copernicus's theory was false. But his ideas were spread all over Europe.

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Isaac Newton was a English scientist who helped to bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion. Newton was very certain that all objects were affected equally by the same force. Newtons great discovery was that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter in Earth and in space. Newton published a book called the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and was the most important scientific books ever written.

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Isaac Newton - English Physicist & Formulated the Laws of Gravity |Mini Bio | BIO

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The revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called the scientific method. The scientific method is about a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. Their were two important people that helped advance the new approach and they were Francis Bacon and René Descartes.

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Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer of the Scientific Revolution. He created the heliocentric theory and that was the Sun was at the center and the planets including the Earth revolved around it. People did reject his theory at first because of religion and how they believe that God put the Earth at the center but later on mathematicians proved that he was correct.

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Copernicus - Astronomer | Mini Bio | BIO

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Ptolemy was a Egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer and he believed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe. That God placed the Earth at center of the Universe and Earth was a special place where drama of life unfolded.

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Johannes Keplar was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. He continued on Brahe work of Copernicus's theory and he found out that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. Keplar's laws showed that Copernicus's basic idea was true and they demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the Sun

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This was a law that Newton made that states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This was one of the three laws of motion he made.

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Newtonian Gravity: Crash Course Physics #8