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Definitions and Characteristics of Argumentative Essay

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Definitions and Characteristics of Argumentative Essay

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Tai An Nee  1 PISMP MT 1

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Definition and Characteristics of Argumentative Essay

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Group Members: Chung Wan Yi,
Foong Zhi Lin,
Soh Dek Ying,
Wong Sung Tai
Thanks.

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Soh Dek Ying

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Leong Lai Yee

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Lee Wan Xin

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Tiltle: women are better driver than men
Group:
Lee Wan Xin
Koh Hui Keng
Tai An Nee
Leong Lai Yee
Lai Tsin Hiung

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Title: Women are better driver than men
Group:
Lee Wan Xin
Koh Hui Keng
Tai An Nee
Leong Lai Yee
Lai Tsin Hiung

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Chung Wan Yi

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Title: It is better to stay single than getting married.

Group:
Chai Ke Yee
Kiew Yan Nee
Lim Yi Ching
Liew Ching Yi

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Title: It is better to stay single than getting married.

Group:
Chai Ke Yee
Kiew Yan Nee
Lim Yi Ching
Liew Ching Yi

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Definition & Characteristics of Argumentative Essay.
From Chai Ke Yee

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Koh Hui Keng 1P Math 1

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FOONG ZHI LIN (1P MATH 1)

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FOONG ZHI LIN

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GRAPHIC ORGANISER 1
FOONG ZHI LIN

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How Water Pollution Affects Safety and Health and Its Solution

Panel 1: Tai An Nee

Panel 2: Chai Ke Yee

Panel 3: Lim Yi Ching

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Healthy Eating Habits

Panel 1: Wong Sung Tai

Panel 2: Lai Tsin Hiung

Panel 3: Soh Dek Ying

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The Use of Internet and Its Effect

Panel 1: Lee Wan Xin

Panel 2: Foong Zhi Lin

Panel 3: Koh Hui Keng

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Time Management Affect Teenagers Health and Safety

Panel 1: Chung Wan Yi

Panel 2: Liew Ching Yi

Panel 3: Kiew Yan Nee

Penel 4: Leong Lai Yee

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From Soh Dek Ying (1PISMP Math1)

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Wavebreak Media/Thinkstock

Successfully fit people are successful not because of good luck, birth order, or family heritage but because they have adopted the right habits. They do things differently than the rest.

To be a successful person, you must adopt the habits of success.

Stephen Covey's theories on learning from the habits of successful people in his book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People suggest that by emulating the habits of successful people, anyone can enjoy the life he or she desires. Learn the habits, adopt the habits, practice the habits, enjoy the success. It really is that basic. Here, excerpted from Push by Chalene Johnson, the 10 eating habits of successfully fit people.
1. They Tend to Stick to the Same "Daily Menu"
The majority of fit people say they eat virtually the same meals every day, mostly the same breakfast, same lunch, same dinner, and when it comes to snacks and beverages . . . well, you guessed it, very predictable food. To clarify, they did not suggest that they eat exactly the same entree for every meal, but they often chose from three, maybe four things that they like for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

There are three possible reasons behind this shared habit among fitness professionals, individuals who have succeeded at taking off 100-plus pounds and keeping it off for years, and those who have been trim all their lives.

First, it allows "careful" eaters to predict their daily calorie allotment without much effort. Second, perhaps the most fit among us are entrenched in habit, including the habit of taste. Third, effortlessly fit folks are in tune with the energy and calorie needs of their bodies. When they find foods that deliver what they need and that they enjoy, why look further? Keep in mind, there's a fine line between careful eating and disordered eating. The careful eater's diet is a habit and not a matter of control or obsession.
2. They Eat Breakfast
This one common characteristic is nearly universal in statistical studies of people who have achieved and maintained a large weight loss. Eighty percent of those who have been able to maintain a weight loss of at least 30 pounds for at least a year report that they always eat breakfast. Research has consistently shown that the people who successfully lose weight are the ones that wake up and eat! Furthermore, people who eat breakfast regularly have better vitamin and mineral status and eat fewer calories from fat. Experts agree that the majority of people who struggle with overeating are those who undereat during the first part of the day, specifically those who skip breakfast. So it seems that breakfast really is the most important meal of the day!

Why does eating breakfast help people lose and ultimately maintain a healthier weight? One theory suggests that eating a healthy breakfast reduces hunger throughout the rest of the day, therefore decreasing the likelihood of overeating and making poor food choices at lunch.
3. They Drink Water
Not soda. Not iced tea. Just plain old water. This is the biggie. Drinking enough water is a vital part of any conditioning program because it keeps your body functioning in homeostasis and aids every aspect of bodily function. Highly successful fit people drink at least six to eight 12-ounce glasses of water a day, plus more as needed during exercise. Note: It's possible to drink too much water, which dilutes the body's electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium). Don't drink more than a gallon a day unless you're also replenishing your electrolytes.

4. They Eat Small-And Often

Eating small meals more often reduces cortisol levels, research suggests. In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, people who ate six small meals a day for 2 weeks, as opposed to three large meals containing the same total number of calories, reduced their cortisol levels by more than 17 percent! They lost belly fat, too.

When you eat small, frequent meals long term, the body becomes efficient at keeping cortisol levels low, which helps both men and women reduce belly fat.

Eating throughout the day also makes you less tempted by the monster-size buckets ofpopcorn and supersize fries and drink containers that include triple and quadruple servings. Guided by their nutritional needs and deeply rooted habit to eat small meals throughout the day, the superfit stand steadfast, even in the face of a delicious, jumbo chocolate-chip muffin.
5. They Eat Whole Foods First
Whole, natural foods-apples, steel-cut oatmeal, broccoli, salads, brown rice-are what food researchers call low-density foods. That is, they take up a lot of room in your stomach because they contain lots of fiber, which satisfies hunger with few calories. High-density foods are the opposite; they are things like butter, oils, candy, or ice cream. Think about how much frosting you could pack into your stomach if you really tried. (Okay, don't think about it-it's too gross.) Eating mostly low-density foods is the easiest way to keep your weight in check without feeling hungry or like you're depriving yourself.
6. They Know Their Foods
Just as important: They know what one serving of said food really looks like. You can show an effortlessly fit person a whole grain cracker, and even without looking at the label, he or she can accurately predict how many crackers count as one serving. It's not a gift, actually. It's a skill, and all habits are skills you can master.

This skill is easier to acquire than it sounds. A couple of weeks of label reading is all it takes. There are even apps for your phone and Web sites that provide this information quickly and for free.
7. They Eat Their Favorite Foods-Carefully
Despite knowing everything about their foods and tending to stick to the same foods day in and day out, fit people rarely report eliminating foods. If it's something they crave, they enjoy a little taste. They know that simply eliminating foods they absolutely love will only set them up to fail when the temptation is too great. Instead, successfully fit people know that it's okay to indulge every once in a while. They savor those moments instead of sucking down the food as if they're afraid it's the only time they'll ever see it again.
8. They Don't Keep Red Zone Food in the House
If you look in a successfully fit person's fridge, pantry, or cupboards, you won't typically find cookies, crackers, chips, chocolate, full-fat ice cream, or soda. Why? Because they don't crave these things. They also know you can't eat 'em if you don't have 'em. Smart, right?

What's interesting about these trim types is that they don't have the same inner battle of healthy versus junkie foods that the average person who struggles with weight might have. They can walk past the aisle with chips and sodas and think nothing of it. Either they never developed the junk food habit or they kicked it.
9. They Close the Kitchen after Dinner
Unlike most Americans, successfully fit people eat their final meal at a reasonable hour, as opposed to eating dinner followed by a lavish 10:00 p.m. snack and another dessert. Most often they go to sleep, not hungry, but on an empty stomach. This allows them to wake up feeling thin, rested, and hungry for breakfast. It may take a little effort, but going to bed earlier and going to sleep without food awaiting digestion in your stomach keeps your body's metabolism in a fat-burning state. Instead of digesting, which causes restless sleep, your body can focus on other things-like repairing cells!
10. They're Resourceful and Politely Picky at Restaurants
They generally steer clear of fried meat, poultry, and fish. Instead, they order their protein broiled, steamed, stir-fried, or poached. They also speak up in restaurants, politely making special requests like asking that their dish be prepared with little or no butter or sauces and with dressings on the side.

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10 Eating Habits of the Highly Successful and Fit

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Wavebreak Media/Thinkstock Successfully fit people are successful not because of good luck, birth order, or family heritage but because they have adopted the right habits. They do things differently than the rest. To be a successful person, you must adopt the habits of success.

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From Chai Ke Yee (1PISMP Math1)

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From Chai Ke Yee (1PISMP Math1)

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From Chai Ke Yee (1PISMP Math 1)

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From Chai Ke Yee (1PISMP Math 1)

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2 Regulating sewage pollution of Malaysian rivers and its challenges

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From Chai Ke Yee (1PISMP Math 1)

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Chung Wan Yi (1P MATH)

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SHIFT SCHEDULES

Today, about one in five workers in Europe are employed on shift work involving night work and over one in 20 work extended hours . Shift systems involve periods of 6-12 hours work at a time with the shift crews alternating on two, three, or four shifts in any 24 hour period. The traditional three shifts start at 0600, 1400, and 2200 hours but there are many variations on this. Some workers only work on the two day shifts, some only nights, while others rotate through all three shifts with variable degrees of speed of rotation and direction of rotation. Extended hours of work is generally accepted to mean working more than 48 hours a week. This can occur on either day work or shift work due to either a high number of hours worked per day or a higher number of days worked per week.

WORKING TIME DIRECTIVE

During the 1990s, substantial changes took place in international legislation on working time. The new European Directive on Working Hours (1993) introduced specific measures relating to the scheduling of shifts and rest periods whereas on a broader scale, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) introduced in 1990 radical new standards for working patterns. The object of each of these measures was to limit hours worked because long or abnormal work patterns are deemed to be hazardous to health. The main features of the European Directive as incorporated into United Kingdom law are found in box 1. The reasons why shift work and now extended work has continued into the 21st century are threefold.

Society's needs for services and emergency cover

Technical need for maintaining continuous process industries

Economic need for offsetting plant obsolescence.

Although the shift worker of 50 years ago was likely to be factory based, increasing demand for services, both business and pleasure, has extended to those employed in more traditionally "white collar" occupations. E-commerce will lead to the need for 24 hour services for most retail and service organisations.

There are extensive publications on the health and social effects of shift work.

The quality of the papers does not always match the quantity. There are considerable methodological issues concerned with this subject. The most obvious is the fact that a large proportion of shift workers are a self selected population and those that remain shift workers for years are a survivor population. Many of the studies published are cross sectional, as there are difficulties in selecting appropriate comparison populations for longitudinal studies. Finally, some of the outcome measures in studies of shift work involve relatively "soft" measures such as fatigue, mood, and performance. Nevertheless, some excellent studies have provided the basis for what follows in this article. Some recent reviews have also highlighted the current state of knowledge in this area. 1-4

Biological and social aspects

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

One of the most important physiological problems associated with shift work and the night shift in particular, is that working, eating, and sleeping phases are changed.

Mammals have a natural rhythmicity to many bodily functions and these circadian rhythms exist in humans, with many operating on a 25 hour cycle. Such free running cycles, which include body temperature, respiratory rate, urinary excretion, cell division, and hormone production, can be modulated by exogenous factors such as light-dark cycle, social climate, and of course, work schedules.

For example, under normal living conditions, body temperature peaks in the late afternoon with its lowest point occurring in the early hours of the morning. Under experimental conditions, it is possible to reverse this cycle but rotating shift workers usually only succeed in flattening the curves. Body temperature records are often used as a surrogate measure of disruption of circadian rhythm, but it is probably too simplistic to link this measure directly to performance. 5

EFFICIENCY OF PERFORMANCE

Human error is often cited as an important factor in work accidents and this may depend to some extent on sleep related factors and circadian rhythm. In general, efficiency of performance seems to parallel the circadian variation in body temperature. The disruption of circadian rhythm, combined with sleep deficit and fatigue, can lead to workplace inefficiency, particularly in the early hours of the morning. This pattern of cause and effect has been reported for many groups of shift workers. A dip after lunch has also been described for lowered efficiency of performance and this is only partially dependent on the meal itself. 6

The shortening of the sleep period caused by an early start at work has also been shown to be associated with an increase in errors and accidents in transport workers.

FAMILY AND SOCIAL LIFE

Workers who engage in shift work or who work long hours can experience considerable disruption of family and social activities as many of these rhythms of the general population are oriented around the day. Saturday and Sunday work, for example, can preclude involvement in sporting events or religious activities. Shift work can thus lead to social marginalisation.

Family and marital responsibilities can be severely disrupted by shift work or long hours. Childcare, housework, shopping, and leaving a partner alone at night can all lead to marital strain and family dysfunction. On the positive side, for those shift workers who like relatively solitary leisure pursuits or who abhor the crowds often find that shift scheduling provides them with greater opportunities to do what they want to do in their non-working time.

Health effects

SLEEP

There is general agreement in publications that the effects of long hours of work or shift work has a deleterious effect on sleep. Perhaps the most authoritative review concludes that despite considerable variation between people, sleep loss is a major effect of shift work. 7 This is most noticeable after the night shift. The quantity of sleep may be reduced by up to 2 hours a day but there is also an effect on the quality of sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and stage 2 sleep have been shown to be reduced. Such sleep deficits can lead to sleepiness at work, with some data showing that inadvertent napping at work can result. Overall, the effect of shift work has been likened to a long distance traveller working in San Francisco and returning to London for any rest days.

FATIGUE

Fatigue is a common complaint among those working abnormal hours. It is particularly noticeable after the night shift, less so on the morning shift, and least on the afternoon shift. Fatigue, however, is a complaint that is exceedingly difficult to measure. Some published evidence exists to suggest that there is a reduction in complaints of fatigue after objective improvement in physical fitness. Nevertheless, it remains an important, if vague, symptom which is often cited as a major reason for intolerance to shift work.

MENTAL HEALTH

Shift working can be a potential psychosocial stressor. Stress is, however, a difficult concept to define, let alone measure. Many published reports on working hours cite stress as a problem but such reports all too commonly lack scientific rigour, acquiring these data from self administered questionnaires and case reports. The increasing use of validated questionnaires such as the general health questionnaire (GHQ) and, more specifically, the standard shift work index (SSI) developed by Barton and Folkard8 has improved the researchers' ability to characterise and measure the effects of shift work on mental health.

Anxiety and depression indices also point to the likelihood of an adverse effect on mental health from shift work and long working hours. Nevertheless it must be remembered that, by and large, shift workers are a self selected population. Thus the question of whether shift work causes psychiatric mortality or shift workers have pre-existent psychiatric problems is not entirely resolved. There seems to be increased neuroticism with increasing years of shift work, but neuroticism in itself does not predict health related shift problems.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

In 1978, the general consensus was that there was no firm evidence that cardiovascular disease was more prevalent in shift workers than other groups. 9 Today, that opinion would have to be revised, although much of the new evidence comes from Scandinavian studies. A recent review of the data suggests that shift workers have a 40% increase in risk. 10 Causal mechanisms are not well defined but contributing factors include disruption of circadian rhythm, disturbed sociotemporal patterns and social support, stress, smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise. The health outcomes are mainly angina pectoris, hypertension, and myocardial infarction.

The effect of overtime or long hours of work has been less extensively investigated. One mortality study from California showed increased rates of arteriosclerotic heart disease for male occupational groups in increasing proportions of the population who worked more than 48 hours a week. 11 The 48 hour week cut off was an arbitrary one with information taken from censuses, and the study has not been replicated. The publicity surrounding the Japanese phenomenon of Karoshi (sudden vascular death) and overwork is relevant here but the published studies are little more than case series and thus lack epidemiological rigor.

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS

Many shift workers complain of digestive disorders, which may be a reflection on the poor quality of catering on some shifts. Night workers seem to have the most complaints of dyspepsia, heartburn, abdominal pains, and flatulence. The data in these studies are not particularly robust. It is necessary to realise that psychosomatic disorders are common in the general population and to recognise the influence of several other factors including Helicobactor pylori, infection, family history, and lifestyle.

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS

There is increasing evidence to suggest that shift work and particularly night work, may present special risks to women of child bearing age. 4 The causative factors probably include disruption of the menstrual cycle and increased stress from the conflicts created by night work on family life. Specific health outcomes linked to shift work include increased risk of spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, and prematurity. The evidence for subfertility is less convincing.

Safety effects

PERFORMANCE

This area has already been alluded to. Until relatively recently, much of the evidence for a performance decrement associated with long hours of work relates to some excellent studies undertaken by Vernon et al11 on munitions workers in the first world war. The studies are thorough, well designed, and clearly show that reducing hours of work by between 7 and 20 per week (down to 50-55 hours per week) resulted in an improvement in the quality and quantity of units produced. Vernon et al also showed that pauses of 10 minutes in the morning and afternoon could increase production by 5-12%.

Since these studies, much of the research effort has been concentrated on laboratory based work because comparability of working conditions between shifts is difficult to find in the work situation. Some well designed workplace studies, however, support the laboratory based research. In short, there is a persuasive body of evidence to suggest that performance (output) is poorer at night. However, performance of tasks with a high working memory component is less dependent on endogenous circadian rhythm and thus may have relatively rapid adjustment to night work. This implies the need to view the task as well as the person in tailoring the shift system.

ACCIDENTS

The cause of industrial accidents is exceedingly complex but the link between increased fatigue with lowered performance and subsequent high rates of accidents would seem logical. Publications on working hours do not support this very well, largely because many of the studies have inadequate analytical procedures, or failed to allow for the many confounding factors that can influence accident statistics. Furthermore, the night shift, which might intuitively be associated with more accidents, is often the time for "easy runs" of a particular task on what is often a less supervised shift. However, some recent well designed studies have shown an increased risk of accidents on the night shift and with long working hours. 4

Several studies have shown peak accident rates at around 1000 and 1100 and again between 1300 and 1600 but this probably reflects peaks in work activities as performance capabilities due to circadian rhythms should be relatively high at these times.

Finally, on an anecdotal note, it is interesting that some major catastrophes such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez, and the space shuttle Challenger all started in the early hours of the morning with errors by people who had been on duty for long hours.

EXPOSURE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS

This is an area that has received scant attention but clearly could be important in terms of long working hours or possible chemical variation in pharmokinetic handling of absorbed chemicals. What is clear is that occupational exposure limits are almost invariably calculated on the basis of an 8 hour day, 5 day week. Scaling down these limits to accommodate long working shifts such as 10 or 12 hours or making allowances for diurnal variation in metabolic processes is no easy task and no rules are available to accomodate these variations in working hours. There is a potential toxicological problem here but no solutions at present.

Personal issues

SEX

Many countries have long banned the employment of women on shift work. The emergence of equal opportunity legislation has questioned the basis for such prohibition. It seems that women complain of more sleepiness on shift work (4) but the physiological basis for this is difficult to substantiate. Some of the increased difficulties that women have on shift work are related to their greater domestic obligations and to the broad based assertion that women tend to report health symptoms more often than men. Also there does seem to be some evidence for an adverse reproductive effect already noted.

AGE

Intuitively, it might be proposed that shift working would be better tolerated the older the worker becomes. They might have less domestic pressures from small children, more experience of coping in general, and older people seem to require less sleep than younger people. Furthermore, the shift worker who has been working such schedules for decades is, of course, part of a survivor population.

In fact, the research findings support the opposite. The evidence all points in the direction of asserting that the aging worker tolerates shift work less well than younger colleagues. With age, sleep becomes shorter and more fragmented. This does not necessarily reflect a need for less sleep but simply an inability to achieve so easily what is needed. What is clear, therefore, is that whereas the aging shift worker may cope, it is inadvisable to begin shift work at an older age.

PERSONALITY

It has been proposed that almost one in five workers leave shift work because they cannot tolerate it, about 10% positively enjoy it, and the rest tolerate it to a greater and lesser extent. 9 Personality may play a part in this as there is an association between neurotic introversion and intolerance to shift work. It may be simplistic to view introvert-extrovert personality types in this way but there is some physiological support for the importance of personality if people are viewed as morning types and evening types. People who are at their best in the morning face more difficulties in adjusting their circadian rhythms to night work compared with those who feel better in the evening. By contrast, evening types have greater problems with the early morning shift. Physical factors may also play a part and are discussed later.

Prevention

DESIGN OF WORK SCHEDULE

Most of the work on minimising the deleterious effects of shift work has concentrated on the three 8 hour shift rotation. As the night shift seems to cause a disproportionate amount of the problems of shift work, night work should be reduced as much as possible, perhaps by increasing the number of crews involved. Rapid rotation of shifts (a change every few days) is preferable to slow rotation as this schedule produces less interference with circadian rhythm. Clockwise rotation (morning, afternoon, night) is preferable to counter clockwise rotation as quick changeovers-for example, the morning and the night shift in the same 24 hour period-are avoided and this rotation allows longer rest periods between shifts. Finally, a later start for the morning shift which is traditionally 0600 reduces the truncation of the previous sleep period, particularly for REM sleep.

On balance, the duration of shift should not be extended to 10 or 12 hours as complaints of fatigue are greater on the long shifts. However, the evidence that this translates into poorer performance and increased accidents is lacking. 13 Many workers favour the longer shifts, not because they are longer but because the breaks between shift weeks are longer often 3-4 days.

Finally, there is some evidence that allowing the workers to design their own shift schedules encourages good work performance as they take responsibility for achieving the work output targets.

Other factors which can ameliorate shift schedules include workplace improvements in catering, supervision, health care, transportation, and recreational facilities. There is some limited evidence that bright light might be useful on the night shift to offset some of the circadian effects of the day-night changes.

PERSONAL ISSUES

Physical fitness does seem to be important in helping workers to cope with shift work, so advice on exercise, diet, and sleep management helps the person to manage his or her approach to shift work.

Finally, there is the much debated issue of health surveillance. The Working Time Directive calls for health checks for night workers, although it is unclear what a health check might be! Some suggestions for an effective, and to some extent, an evidence based approach has been proposed by Costa et al. 4 A sensible and measured stance has also been promulgated in a guidance booklet published jointly by the Society of Occupational Medicine and the Faculty of Occupational Medicine in the United Kingdom. 14

Conclusions

Work involving long hours or abnormal night-day schedules has been in existence for centuries. There is evidence to suggest that such schedules are here to stay, for one reason or another, for one in five workers. The main physiological consequence of such shift schedules is disruption of circadian rhythm which can have a deleterious effect on performance, sleep patterns, accident rates, mental health, and cardiovascular mortality. Reproductive outcome effects may be linked to disruption of menstrual cycles. Individual issues such as sex, age, and personality are also important.

Coping with these potentially harmful work schedules involves helping people to cope and by designing workplace environments and shift scheduling schemes that lead to the least disruption to mental, physical, and social wellbeing.

View Abstract

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Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work

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"Normal" hours of work are generally taken to mean a working day with hours left for recreation and rest. Rest is a night time activity, work a daytime activity. This review is concerned with those who work other schedules either on shifts or with extended hours which transcend the day-night work-sleep pattern.

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Article for coursework Task1- Article  1

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Article for coursework Task1- Article  1

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Chung Wan Yi (1 PISMP MATH)

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Americans generally believe that they need to "deserve" their vacations-that they should work hard, even push themselves, before they actually take a break.

Consider these statistics:

There may be cultural reasons for this phenomenon. Countries most influenced by the Protestant work ethic, like the United States, place a lot of value on industriousness and proving oneself-as opposed to countries influenced by Catholicism, which is a salvation-based religion. In Catholic-influenced France, for example, 90 percent of people take all of their vacation days (despite having more than twice as many -30!-as most Americans).

Ironically, while Americans may pride themselves on their hard work and dedication, research suggests that we will actually work harder, perform better, and have greater health, stamina, and enthusiasm for our work if we take time off.

Three ways vacation is good for you

Research suggests that leisure is an important predictor of our well-being and satisfaction with life, including our health, work engagement, creativity, and even marital satisfaction.

1. Vacation is relaxing. We often take vacations in order to relax, but do they actually work? Scientists out of the University of California, San Francisco, examined this question with a rigorous study: They looked at the impact of a resort vacation and a meditation retreat on biological measures of stress and immune function. The data showed that a resort vacation not only makes us feel more energetic and less stressed than we were before we took the vacation, it also leads to a strong and immediate impact on molecular networks associated with stress and immune function. Participants who attended the meditation retreat also showed a boost in antiviral activity.

So pick your favorite leisure activity: surfing in the sun and hanging under the cabana, or sitting on a zafu and taking yoga.

2. Breaks make you more productive. Another personal and professional advantage of taking vacations is the ability to detach from work.

Sabine Sonnentag, professor of organizational psychology at the University of Mannheim in Germany, finds that the inability to detach from work comes with symptoms of burnout, which of course impact well-being and productivity. However, disengaging from work when you are not at work, she finds, makes us more resilient in the face of stress and more productive and engaged at work. Even a short weekend getaway can provide significant work-stress recovery, while longer trips away provide even more relief.

After a vacation, 64 percent of people say that they are " refreshed and excited to get back to my job." It's a win-win both for employees and organizations alike, especially given the fact that unused vacation costs U.S. business $224 billion per year.

"Fun times are fun times no matter what, and we enjoy them just as much whether they come before or after hard work. "

―Emma Seppälä

3. A change of pace boosts creativity. Another professional advantage from taking time off is a boost in creativity. Across countries and industries, CEOs rate creativity as the #1 most important trait for all incoming employees. Yet researcher Kyung Hee Kim, author of The Creativity Challenge, has shown that we are facing a dramatic " creativity crisis," with creativity scores dropping significantly in younger generations. Here again, more vacations and leisure may help.

Many workers tend to specialize in their own field, and fail to explore new areas or diversify their interests. Yet research shows that being exposed to new and different experiences actually boosts your creativity. For example, one study showed that hiking in nature disconnected from all devices for four days-a very unusual experience in our day and age-led to a 50 percent spike in creativity.

Brain imaging studies show that doing nothing, being idle, daydreaming, and relaxing create alpha waves in the brain that are key to creative insights and innovative breakthroughs. And research by Dr. Barbara Fredrickson has shown that positive emotions-the kind we feel on a relaxing, playful vacation-make us more inventive and able to think outside the box.

How to make the most of your vacation

When planning your time off, keep in mind that all leisure activities are not created equal. A German study comparing different leisure activities showed that while spending time with friends, doing sports, and vacationing boost your well-being substantially, other leisure activities including Internet browsing and TV watching do not; in fact, they lead to lower satisfaction with life. That means that your couch isn't necessarily the best vacation destination.

Depending on your age and gender, research by Iva Sverko and colleagues has shown, different leisure activities may lead to greater well-being-but for people of all ages, leisure activities like visiting friends and family and going to church are positively linked to well-being. Later in life, for example, social activities seem to be particularly important. This finding makes sense since a large and growing body of research shows that the degree to which we are socially connected across our lifespan significantly improves our physical and psychological health, and even our longevity.

When should you schedule your time away from work? Some of us are so good at delayed gratification that we're constantly putting off our vacations, thinking we'll enjoy our "well-deserved" leisure more later-after we write that report, finish that big project, or get a promotion. But this is not necessarily true: A new study shows that fun times are fun times no matter what, and we enjoy them just as much whether they come before or after hard work. Also, the professional and personal benefits that we get from leisure time may help us succeed at our work goals.

So plan your vacation now. Better yet, don't get caught up in too much planning. Another recent study suggests that spontaneous leisure activities are more rewarding than planned ones. So let your hair down, play hooky, and let loose once in a while. There's still some summer left, so enjoy!

Greater Good wants to know: Do you think this article will influence your opinions or behavior?

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Why You Should Take More Time Off from Work

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Americans generally believe that they need to "deserve" their vacations-that they should work hard, even push themselves, before they actually take a break. Consider these statistics: There may be cultural reasons for this phenomenon.

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Chung Wan Yi (1PISMP, Math 1)

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Chung Wan Yi (1PISMP, Math 1)

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By: Leong Lai Yee (1 PISMP, Math 1)

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Modern Technology affect Teenagers Health and Safety
Liew Ching Yi (Math 1)

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The Impact of Technology Modern on Youths

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Liew Ching Yi (Math 1)

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Liew Ching Yi (Math 1)

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By: Leong Lai Yee (1 PISMP, Math 1)

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Liew Ching Yi (Math 2)

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Liew Ching Yi (Math 1)

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Online Dangers_ Keeping Children andAdolescents Safe

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Kiew Yan Nee (Math 1

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Kiew Yan Nee (Math 1

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Kiew Yan Nee (Math 1

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Kiew Yan Nee (Math 1

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Kiew Yan Nee (Math 1)

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Lai Tsin Hiung (1PISMP MT1)

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Lai Tsin Hiung (1PISMP MT1

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What Are the Consequences of Not Eating Healthy_ _ Healthy Eating _ SF Gate

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Lai Tsin Hiung (1PISMP MT1)

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16 Positive Effects Of Healthy Eating On Your Life

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GO 1

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Lai Tsin Hiung (1PISMP MT1)
GO 2

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by Tai An Nee (1PISMP MT1)

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2 Graphic Organizers
by Tai An Nee (1 PISMP MT1)

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The Internet and Its Effects
By: Lee Wan Xin (1PISMP, Math1)

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Tai An Nee(1 PISMP MT1)

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Tai An Nee (1 PISMP MT1

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2 Graphic Organizers
By: Lee Wan Xin (1PISMP, Math 1)

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by Lee Wan Xin (1P MT1)

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by Lee Wan Xin (1P MT1)

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By Wong Sung Tai  (1P MT1 group 3: Eating Habit)

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2 Graphic Organizers
By Wong Sung Tai (1P MT 1 group 3: Eating Habit)

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tugasan mpu 3022 Task 1 (Graphic Organizers)

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Expository Essay                              By Wong Sung Tai (1P MT 1 group 3: Eating Habit)

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Expository Essay: Ways of  Eating Habits
By Soh Dek Ying (1Pismp, Math 1)

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2 Graphic Organizers
By Soh Dek Ying (1Pismp,  Math 1)

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By Lim Yi Ching 1P MT1

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Introduction

Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries' economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.

In 2010, the UN General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation. Everyone has the right to sufficient, continuous, safe, acceptable, physically accessible, and affordable water for personal and domestic use.

Drinking water services

Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 calls for universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. The target is tracked with the indicator of "safely managed drinking water services" - drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed, and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination.

In 2017, 5.3 billion people used safely managed drinking-water services - that is, they used improved water sources located on premises, available when needed, and free from contamination. The remaining 2.2 billion people without safely managed services in 2017 included:

1.4 billion people with basic services, meaning an improved water source located within a round trip of 30 minutes

206 million people with limited services, or an improved water source requiring more than 30 minutes to collect water

435 million people taking water from unprotected wells and springs

144 million people collecting untreated surface water from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.

Sharp geographic, sociocultural and economic inequalities persist, not only between rural and urban areas but also in towns and cities where people living in low-income, informal, or illegal settlements usually have less access to improved sources of drinking-water than other residents.

Water and health

Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation, and hygiene services are lacking. Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay, with the proportion much greater in low-income countries.

Inadequate management of urban, industrial, and agricultural wastewater means the drinking-water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously contaminated or chemically polluted.

Some 829 000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhoea as a result of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation, and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhoea is largely preventable, and the deaths of 297 000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided each year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may decide handwashing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases.

Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and water but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required preventative treatment for schistosomiasis - an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.

In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in clean, rather than dirty water, and household drinking water containers can serve as breeding grounds. The simple intervention of covering water storage containers can reduce vector breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination of water at the household level.

Economic and social effects

When water comes from improved and more accessible sources, people spend less time and effort physically collecting it, meaning they can be productive in other ways. This can also result in greater personal safety by reducing the need to make long or risky journeys to collect water. Better water sources also mean less expenditure on health, as people are less likely to fall ill and incur medical costs, and are better able to remain economically productive.

With children particularly at risk from water-related diseases, access to improved sources of water can result in better health, and therefore better school attendance, with positive longer-term consequences for their lives.

Challenges

Climate change, increasing water scarcity, population growth, demographic changes and urbanization already pose challenges for water supply systems. By 2025, half of the world's population will be living in water-stressed areas. Re-use of wastewater, to recover water, nutrients, or energy, is becoming an important strategy. Increasingly countries are using wastewater for irrigation - in developing countries this represents 7% of irrigated land. While this practice if done inappropriately poses health risks, safe management of wastewater can yield multiple benefits, including increased food production.

Options for water sources used for drinking water and irrigation will continue to evolve, with an increasing reliance on groundwater and alternative sources, including wastewater. Climate change will lead to greater fluctuations in harvested rainwater. Management of all water resources will need to be improved to ensure provision and quality.

WHO's response

As the international authority on public health and water quality, WHO leads global efforts to prevent transmission of waterborne disease, advising governments on the development of health-based targets and regulations.

WHO produces a series of water quality guidelines, including on drinking-water, safe use of wastewater, and safe recreational water environments. The water quality guidelines are based on managing risks, and since 2004 the Guidelines for drinking-water quality promote the Framework for Safe Drinking-water. The Framework recommends establishment of health-based targets, the development and implementation of Water Safety Plans by water suppliers to most effectively identify and manage risks from catchment to consumer, and independent surveillance to ensure that Water Safety Plans are effective and health-based targets are being met.

WHO also supports countries to implement the drinking-water quality guidelines through the development of practical guidance materials and provision of direct country support. This includes the development of locally relevant drinking-water quality regulations aligned to the principles in the Guidelines, the development, implementation and auditing of Water Safety Plans and strengthening of surveillance practices.

Since 2014, WHO has been testing household water treatment products against WHO health-based performance criteria through the WHO International 'Scheme' to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies. The aim of the scheme is to ensure that products protect users from the pathogens that cause diarrhoeal disease and to strengthen policy, regulatory, and monitoring mechanisms at the national level to support appropriate targeting and consistent and correct use of such products.

WHO works closely with UNICEF in a number of areas concerning water and health, including on water, sanitation, and hygiene in health care facilities. In 2015 the two agencies jointly developed WASH FIT (Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool), an adaptation of the water safety plan approach. WASH FIT aims to guide small, primary health care facilities in low- and middle-income settings through a continuous cycle of improvement through assessments, prioritization of risk, and definition of specific, targeted actions. A 2019 report describes practical steps that countries can take to improve water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities.

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Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries' economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.

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By Lim Yi Ching 1P MT1

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The effects of water pollution
By Lim Yi Ching 1P MT1

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Article 1
By: Koh Hui Keng (1 PISMP, Math 1)

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By Lim Yi Ching 1P MT1

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Article 2
By: Koh Hui Keng (1 PISMP, Math 1)

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Internet Addiction A Brief Summary of Research and Practice

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Expository Essay: Harmful Use of Internet Addiction Among Teenager
By: Koh Hui Keng (1 PISMP, Math 1)

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2 Graphic Organizers
By: Koh Hui Keng (1PISMP, Math 1)

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Expository Essay
By: Leong Lai Yee (1PISMP, Math 1)

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2 Graphic Organizers
By: Leong Lai Yee (1PISMP, Math 1)