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English idioms, proverbs, and expressions are an important part of everyday English. They come up all the time in both written and spoken English. Because idioms don’t always make sense literally, you’ll need to familiarize yourself with the meaning and usage of each idiom. That may seem like a lot of work, but learning idioms is fun, especially when you compare English idioms

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Fragment = part of a sentence / incomplete thought

Run-on Sentence = two sentences joined together incorrectly

Compound Subject = two or more subjects in a sentence joined by a conjunction (and, or)

Compound Verb = two more or verbs joined together by a conjunction (and, or)

Compound Sentence = two complete sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction or a semicolon

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they're/their/there...it's/its...you're/your...we're/were/where
It’s = it is

Its =  possessive pronoun

We’re = we are

Were = verb

Where = adverb

You’re = you are

Your =  possessive pronoun

They’re = they are

Their = possessive pronoun

There = place

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Most of the things we capitalize in English are what we call proper nouns. They are the names of specific, unique things.

If you are talking about one specific mountain (Mt. Fuji), state (Idaho) or street (Atlantic Ave.), use a capital letter for every word in the name.

However, when you are talking about a common thing of which there are many - like a mountain, a state or a street - don't use a capital letter for those words.

Capitals are not used for articles (a, an, the) or prepositions (of, on, for, in, to, with, etc.).

Key Rules

1. Names or titles of people

This one may seem obvious, but there's also a catch. Of course, you capitalize the first letters of a person's first, middle and last names (John Quincy Adams), but you also capitalize suffixes (Jr., the Great, Princess of Power, etc.) and titles.

Titles can be as simple as Mr., Mrs. or Dr., but they also apply to situations wherein you address a person by his or her position as though it were part of their name. For example, when we talk about President Lincoln, we are using his role as though it were a title not a job description. However, we wouldn't capitalize the word president if it wasn't being used as a title. For example: "During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln was the president of the United States."

When capitalizing general job titles look at the position of the job title in the sentence in reference to the person's name. This will help you know if it should be capitalized or not.

As we've seen above you should capitalize the title when it come immediately before someone's name.

You don't capitalize the job title if it is separated from the name, such as by a comma or the word "the."

For example: "Dr. Rogers was the cardiac surgeon on call." "While I was an intern I got to shadow Senior Marketing Director Sam Jones for a day."

2. Names of mountains, mountain ranges, hills and volcanoes

Again, we're talking about specific places. The word 'hill' is not a proper noun, but Gellert Hill is because it's the name of one specific hill. Use a capital letter to begin each word in the name of a mountain (Mt. Olympus), mountain range (the Appalachians), hill (San Juan Hill) or volcano (Mt. Vesuvius).

3. Names of bodies of water (rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, streams and creeks)

From here, it gets pretty easy. The same rules that apply to mountain names also apply to water names. A river is just a river, but the Mississippi River is a proper noun and must be capitalized, just like Lake Erie, the Indian Ocean and the Dead Sea.

4. Names of buildings, monuments, bridges and tunnels

Man-made structures also often have names. The White House, the Eiffel Tower, the Statue of Liberty, the Golden Gate Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel are a few good examples.

5. Street names

Capitalize both the actual name part of the name (Capital) and the road part of the name (Boulevard); both are necessary for forming the entire name of the street (Capital Boulevard).

6. Schools, colleges and universities

All of the words in the name of the educational institution should be capitalized. For example, Harvard University, Wilkesboro Elementary School, Cape Fear Community College.

7. Political divisions (continents, regions, countries, states, counties, cities and towns)

As is the case with regions of a country, the divisions may not always be political, but you get the idea. When you refer to New England, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest or the South as a region (as opposed to a compass direction), you capitalize it. Also, continents (South America), countries (Belgium), states (Wisconsin), counties (Prince William County), cities (London) and towns (Lizard Lick) get capitalized.

8. Titles of books, movies, magazines, newspapers, articles, songs, plays and works of art

This one's a little confusing. Articles, prepositions, and conjunctions are not generally capitalized in title case, only principal words are. However, the first letter of a work of art is always capitalized even if it's an article, preposition or conjunction. For example:. The last word of these titles always receives a capital too ( The Glass Menagerie, A Few Good Men, Of Mice and Men Fools Rush In).

9. The first letter in a sentence

The last two rules are easy. Always capitalize the first letter of a sentence. If the sentence is a quotation within a larger sentence, capitalize it, but only if it's a complete sentence. If it's merely a phrase that fits neatly into the larger sentence, it does not require capitalization. Study the following two examples for clarification:

The waiter said, "My manager will be here shortly," but he never came.

The waiter told us that his manager would "be here shortly," but he never came.

10. The pronoun I

It's only necessary to capitalize other pronouns when they begin a sentence, but "I" is always capitalized.

Remembering the Rules

How can you possibly remember all these rules? Well, first of all, you should ask yourself three questions:

Is this the first letter in a sentence? If the answer is yes, capitalize.

Is this the pronoun I? If yes, capitalize.

Am I using a name that someone gave to this thing or person? If yes, capitalize.

And if you want to remember all the specific categories, try memorizing one of the following sentences.

"For Bob Barker, the price is sometimes wrong," Mom says.

Susan Sarandon bought my wife fancy toilet paper in Boston.

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Most of the things we capitalize in English are what we call proper nouns. They are the names of specific, unique things. If you are talking about one specific mountain (Mt. Fuji), state (Idaho) or street (Atlantic Ave.), use a capital letter for every word in the name.

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The 4 Kinds of Sentences

Declarative (.)

Makes a statement

Today is Monday.

I didn’t go hunting this weekend.

Interrogative (?)

Asks a question

Where did you put my phone?

Exclamatory (!)

Uses extra expression or feeling

We get a day off on Friday!

Imperative (.) or (!)

Gives a command

Please hand in your paper.

Go to sleep.

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English - spelling due Friday with quiz Ongoing - Leaf collection and book report Class dues $5